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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define molecular genetics
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directly looks at nucleotide sequences
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define transmission genetics
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pattern of inheritance of traits
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define population genetics
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looks at gene frequences and variation in entire populations
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what are three ways to study genetics
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molecular
transmission population |
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define chromosome
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unit of DNA that contains many genes that can be replicated
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what is genetic material
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carries traits
mechanism of expressing traits may be replicated variable |
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what did hershey and chase do
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used bacteriophage and E coli to find out if genetic material was protein or dna
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does DNA have phosphorus or sulfur
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DNA has of phosphorus
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what are three experiments that demonstrated that DNA is the unit of heredity
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Griffith
Avery macleod mccarty hershey chase |
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what did griffith do
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mouse with s strain found transforming factor to make it virulent
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what did avery macleod and mccarty do
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added enzymes that degrade protein, RNA, and DNA to find that DNA must carry information because transformation did not occur from s to R cells unless DNA was present
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what are the three forms of DNA
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A B Z
B is most common |
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how bond between AT? CG?
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2 and 3
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describe disassociation kinetics and reassociation kinetics
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in dis you start with DS and denature to observe melting points to know if more GC rich or AT rich
in re you start with ssDNA and all it to reassociate. Slowly means more unique DNA |
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what are the three models for DNA replication
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conservative
dispersive semiconservative |
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describe conservative and why it's not true
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two old stay in place. Not true because generation one had N15/N14 hybrid band
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describe dispersive and why not true
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dispersive is random fragmenting. not true because there are two distinctive bands N14/N14 and N15/N14
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describe the meselson stahl experiment
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used N15 heavy isotope and N14 to show that semiconservative must occur
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define replicon
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the entire chromosome
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what is required for DNA replication
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template
enzymes dNTPs ATPs |
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what pol catalyzes DNA synthesis and requires a DNA template and all four dNTPS
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DNA pol
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what is a primer
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a short piece of RNA or DNA
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what are the four basic steps of DNA replication in ecoli
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initiation
unwinding elongation termination |
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describe initiation in prok
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9mer indicates OR
DnaA binds to 9mer binding causes dNA to bend causing a new region to open and helix breaks DNAb and C are helicases |
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what does topoisomerase does
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topoisomerase or DNA gyrase cuts covalent to allow spinning to releive temp
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DNA pol needs a paired ___
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3'OH
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why is the primer made of RNA
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becasue easy to find and fix later
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describe elongation in bacti
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DNA pol III 3 to 5 pol activity and 3 to 5 exonuclease activity
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what is processive
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stays on DNA and replicates it very quickly
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what does DNA pol III look like
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10 subunits
2 beta clamps alpha theto epsilon core gamma loads DNA |
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what removes primers from okazaki fragments
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DNA pol I chews it up
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is mutation of DNA pol I lethal? pol III?
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POL III would be lethal because it is mainly responsible for pol activity
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describe the eukaryotic DNA pols
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alpha- primas eand DNA pol activity
dela/epsilon- both involved in elongation gamma- replicates mitochondrial DNA |
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ended at beginning of chap
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12
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what is packaging of DNA like in prok
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protein scaffolds and twists
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are proteins that react with DNA positive or negative
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positive because then they interact with neg DNA
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which amino a are positively charged
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lysine
arg his |
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what is a histone
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euk DNA wraps around the nucleosome twice
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what is a solenoid
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6 histones interact with each other to form the straw
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when would you see compact chromosomes
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metaphase
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what are two types of chromatin remodeling
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DNA methylation
histone remodeling |
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what is DNA methylation
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non active DNA 5methyl cytosine methylation occurs on cpg islands.
decreasing transcription |
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what happens to transcription when histones are phophorylated, methylated, or acetylated
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transcription is activated
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what is HAT
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histone acetylase neutralizes the positive charge of the histone and allows tail to hang off. This causes activation of txn
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what are some examples of repititive DNA
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satellite DNA
SINES LINES retroposons telomeres centromeres |
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what are two tyeps of chromatin
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H and E
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what is heterochromatin
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transcriptionally inactive
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what is E chromatin
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less compact, transcriptionally active int he interior
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compare and contrast E and H chromatin
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E is center of the nucleus, loose, txn active, acetylated histtones, hypomethylated DNA, replicated earlly S phase, less compact, not visible in interphase
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Pol III is actually a complex containing.
a. catalytic subunits b. proofreading subunits c. sliding clamp subunits d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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in nucleic acids, the free hydroxyl group is attached to the ___ carbon of the sugar
a. 5 c. 3 |
c. 3
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you isolate a new organism from mars. In this organism, DNA replicaiton occurs continuously on both strands, which of the following would NOT be required?
a. primase b. helicase c. a leading strand d. ligase e. okazaki fragments |
e. okazaki
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considering the structure of the dsDNA what kinds of bonds hold one complementary strand to the other
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hydrogen bonds
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describe a nucleosome
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five main histones H2A H2B H3 H4 H1. Histones are positively charged with aa such as arg and lysine that attract DNA. These form tetramers and eventually octomers. H1 is linker. DNA is further compacted into solenoids. the nucleosome is the octamer of histones adn the DNA and the linker making a unit of 200 bp.
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name the proteins in E coli DNA replication
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DNA a b c
DNA gyrase ss bp RNA primase DNA pol III DNA pol I DNA ligase |
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describe telomerase
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responsib le ofr adding the telomere. Made up of a protein and RNA template that uses reverse transcriptase to elongate the 3' end of the lagging strand.
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in meselson stahl how would you prove it is dispersive
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one band after first --> no conservative
one band after second --> no semi therefore must be dispersive |
