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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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bacterial recombination |
microorganisms exchange genetic material information among themselves to create new combination of genes |
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conjugation |
most common method of bacterial recombination, requires pili -the transfer of genetic info (plasmid, a piece or entire chromosome, through a pili to recipient cell |
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transformation |
transfer of free, naked, DNA from a dead cell (lysis) to a living cell |
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transduction |
transfer of DNA from one cell to another using a BACTERIOPHAGE (virus that infects bacteria) |
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Griffith's experiment: encapsulated living bacteria |
-living and capsule: mouse is dead |
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Griffith's experiment: non encapsulated living bacteria |
-living and no capsule: mouse is alive |
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Griffith's experiment: encapsulated nonliving bacteria |
-non living and capsule: mouse is sick but alive |
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Griffith's experiment: encapsulated heat killed bacteria and non encapsulated living bacteria |
dead! because of transformation |
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encapsulated heat killed bacteria transferred |
free naked DNA with capsule genes to non living bacteria, non encapsulated living became encapsulated. Dead mouse |
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conjugation |
-most common method of bacterial recombination -direct cell to cell contact is needed for transfer of DNA material -pili is required
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auxotrophs (mutants) |
mutants that require specific growth factors (fastidious) |
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plasmid |
1. extrachromosomal 2. self replicating 3. not essential to the life of the cell |
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types of conjugation |
1. F+ transfer 2. high frequency recombination Hfr transfer -incomplete Hfr transfer -complete Hfr transfer
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episome |
a special type of plasmid that can exist in two forms: extrachromosomal in cytoplasm or intrachromosomal within the chromosome |
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transduction |
-bacteriophage infects a bacterial host cell by injecting its viral DNA -host bacterial DNA forms fragments and becomes packaged into phage capsids -mature phages containing bacterial DNA are released from donor bacterial cell -phage infects a new host cell and introduces donor bacterial DNA -new bacterial DNA becomes incorporated into the bacterial chromosome of second host bacterial cell -PHAGE virus acts like a vector that transfers bacterial DNA from a donor bacterial cell to a recipient bacterial cell chromosome |
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genetics |
study of heredity |
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heredity |
transfer of genetic information (genes based on DNA) from one generation to another |
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father of genetics |
gregory mendel |
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phenotype |
the entire physical biochemical and physiological characteristics of an organism |
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genotype |
the entire genetic makeup (genes) of an organism |
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mutation |
change in genetic information (genes=bases on DNA) changes in base sequences and types |
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spontaneous mutation |
-occurs for no apparent reason -rate 10^-6 -occurs most often during semiconservative replication |
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induced mutation |
- rate: 1:100, 1:1000 -ie: UV light and nitrous acid |
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base substitution (point mutation) |
incorrect purine or pyrimidine base that is incorporated during DNA synthesis |
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base addition |
addition of extra base
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base deletion |
one base is missing on DNA |
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insertion |
adding apiece of DNA the size of the smallest gene (606 bases) -1 RNA = 1 protein smallest protein has 200 amino acids - 1 codon = 1 amino acid |
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chemical mutagen |
chemical that causes mutation |
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base analogs |
compounds that resemble naturally occurring bases but have different base pairing characteristics |
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ionizing radiation |
-gamma rays -Xrays -free radicals (shift bases and causes mutations |
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non ionizing radiation |
-UV light -260 nanometer -thymine-thymine dimers |
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recombinant DNA |
DNA that has been artificially manipulated ie: eukaryotic mixed with prokaryotic cell |
