Genetics 2Nd Sem

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Brick and mortar theory

Around 5th century BCE

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Hippocrates

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Postulated that elements from all parts of body become concentratef in male semen and then formed into a human in the womb

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Hippocrates

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Critizied the brick and mortar theory

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Aristotle

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2 objection

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Mutilated and physically handicapped people can produce normal children

More subtle people can transmit chaeacteristics which they do not show, but develop in a later age e.g. baldness

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Blueprint model

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Aristotle

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Observed animacules

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723

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Major contribution is the developmeny of cell theort and identification of chromosomes

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723

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Swedish physician and biologist, classification of biological entities

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Carl von Linné/Linnaeus 1707-1778

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Published systema naturae, seed for modern biological classification

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Carl von Linné/Linnaeus 1707-1778

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Formerly named Jean baptiste pierre antoine de monet

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Lamarck/Chevalier de Lamarck 1744-1829

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Propsed comprehensive theory of evolution

Credited as the first modern evolutionist

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Chevalier de Lamarck

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Scottish lawyer turned geologist

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Charles Lyell 1797-1875

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Authored the principlea of geology, influenced young darwin

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Charles Lyell

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Natural selection

Genetic contribution to individual difference fuel natural selection

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Charles Darwin 1809-1882

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Motivated Darwin to publish his tome

Championed darwins origin in 1898

Book titled Darwinism

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Alfred Wallace 1823-1913

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Austrian monk

Studied hybridization by breeding common garden peas (Pisum Sativum)

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Gregor Mendelb1822-1884

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Study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms

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Genetics

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Field of biology that intersects with many other life sciences and is strongly linked w/ the study of information system

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Genetics

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Basic physical and functional unit of heredity

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Genes

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Classical genetics, encompasses basic principles of heredity, how traits are passed from one generation the the next

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Transmission genetics

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Concerns the chemical nature of the gene itself

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Molecular genetics

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Explores the genetic compoaition groups of individual members of the same species

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Population genetics

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Chemical basis of genes

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DNA

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Consist of paur of strands of sugar-phosphate backbone attached to a set of pyrimdine and purine bases

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DNA

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Strands are held together by H-bonds bet. adenine and thymine and between cytosine and guanine forming double helix

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DNA

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A triplet of bases in DNA that represents each amino acid

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Codon

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Protein coding sequence-

Intervening sequence -

Unit of 3 nuecleotides, codes specific amini acid-

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Exon

Intron

Codon

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Threadlike structure of nucleic acid and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells. Carries genetic information in the form of genea

Tightly coiled DNA

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Chromosomes

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One of 2 identical parts of chromosome after S phase

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Chromatid

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Point where the 2 chromatids touch

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Centromere

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p

q

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Short arm

Long arm

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Resting phase where the cell has left the cycle and stopped dividing

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Go phase (quiescene)

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Refers to both quiescent and senescent cells

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Post mitotic

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All preparations are done during this phase

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Interphase (intermitosis)

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Also called preparatory of intermitosis

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Interphase

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1st phase w/in interphase from the end of the previous M phase until the beginning of DNA synthesis

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G1 phase

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Also called growth phase

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G1 phase

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Starts when dna synthesis commences, when complete all the chromosomes have been replicated

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S Phase (DNA replication)

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During this phase the amount of dna in the cell has effectively doubled

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S Phase

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Rates of RNA transcription and protein synthesis are very low during this phase

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S phase

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Occurs after dna replication and is a period of protein synthesis and rapid cell growth to prepare the cell for mitosis

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G2 phase (growth)

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During this phase the micro tubules vegin to reorganize to form a spindle

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G2 phase

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Physical process of cell division which divides the cytoplasm of parental cell into two daughter cells

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Cytokinesis

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Occurs concurrently with two types of nuclear division called mitosis and meiosis which occurs in animal cells

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Cytokinesis

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Modern chimps and humans orignate from a common ancestor

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James Burnett (Lord Monboddo)

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Provided hints about evolution in his book Zoömania

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Erasmus Darwin

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Darwins 2nd cousin, majoe contribution to the social science and genetics

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Francis galton

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Father of behavioral genetics

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Francis galton

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Somatic cell division

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Mitosis

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Sex cell division

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Meiosis