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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what was Russification?
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Under Alexander III- he believed all other nationalities (apart from Russian) should be eliminated. To be truly loyal to the Tsar and to Russia you had to be russian
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Pobedonostev
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tutor to Alexander III
'Procruator of the Holy Synod' Anyone calling for a constituent assembly are 'half wits and perverted apes' |
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When did Witte become Finance minister?
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1892- 1903
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ways in which Witte's reforms made revolution more likely
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1. Industrialisation meant the proletatiat class were created.
2. Famine at the time yet 15% of grain was still being exported. 3. created aspirations 4. terrible living conditions |
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When was the Russo-Japanese war
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1904-5
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How did the Russo-Japanese war contribute to he revolution?
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1. highlighted the Tsars failings as a leader.
2. plehve 'we need a small victorious war to avert revolution' 3. disorganisation, army were unprepared 4. Military commanders had not prepared effectively 5. highlighted incompetance of supply system and railway |
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Potemkin
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Mutiny in 1905
1. sailors fed maggot ridden bread. Decided to speak out. 2. A mutiny took place. 3. Military started to question Tsar- if Tsar loses army hes lost power 4. Bolsheviks tried to convert sailors at the time. Lenin 'undefeated territory of the revolution' |
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What was the October Manifesto?
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Changes to the Russian constitution after the 1905 revolution.
Civil liberties Freedom of speech Freedom of assembly No laws to be introduced without the agreement of the Duma. However, the October Manifesto did not include any reference to the point that the Duma could not initiate legislation |
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The Vyborg appeal
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Inbetween the 1st and 2nd Duma
Set up to put pressure on the Tsar to reform the Duma. Made up mainly of Kadets and Liberals Appeal urging the people of Russia to defy their govt. by not paying taxes and refusal to obey conscription The Vyborg group were arrested |
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Who was the leader of the Duma?
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Rodzyanko
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Which Duma achieved the most?
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The 3rd because Stolypin had changed the franchise making sure the nobility had control over the Duma. Therefore, they worked alongside the Tsar to get things done.
1. Some social reforms passed 2. Foreign investment increases |
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Who was the leader of the Provisional Government in the first 2 months?
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Prince Lvov
THEN KERENSKY |
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What was the significance of the April Theses?
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Lenin was the only one to offer what the revolution demanded.
1. 'Peace, Land, Bread' 2. PG=Old Duma in new garb 3. All power to the soviet. 4. The real revolution is still to come 5. END TO THE WAR |
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Problems facing the Provisional Government:
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1. NO MANDATE TO RULE
2. Soviet had ultimate control over the army through Order Number 1 3. At war 4. Shortages of food, fuel, bread 5.Land redistribution demands |
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Strengths of the Provisional Government
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1. It was fresh and new, people wanted to make it work
2. It was backed by the Soviet. 3. Led by old Duma members therefore they had experience of leadership 4. Broadbased- members from all parties 5. only peaceful option |
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Ways in which Lenin contributed to Bolshevik support:
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1. Ability to seize the moment and powers of manipulation in his favour
2. catchy slogan - 'Peace, Land, Bread' - 'All power to the Soviet' 3. Only one that states that the Soviet should rule |
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When was the Galicean Offensive?
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June 1917
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Who launched the Galicean Offensive and why?
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Kerensky
The government decided to launch a new offensive in the war to distract the people from revolutionary feeling. |
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Result of Galicean offensive:
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Kerensky tries to be Napolean> increases fear
Increase in trench Bolshevism Desertion> vodka and prostitutes |
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Why were there anti-government demonstrations in July 1917?
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July Days
1. Outraged by Galicean offensive 2. P.G wasn't addressing what the people wanted. 3. Soviet felt they weren't ready to rule/ didn't want to> hadn't been through the beourgeois stage 4. Redistribution of land> frantic! |
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What were the result of the July Days for the Bolshevik party?
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The demonstrations were based on 'Peace, land, bread' even though Lenin was not involved as he supported soviet.
1. blamed on Bolsheviks 2. Many Bolsheviks arrested and put in prison 3. accused of being pro-german and exiled |
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Which Baltic town was occupied by the Germans in August 1917?
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Riga
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What affect did the occupation of Riga have on Russia?
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1. Fear that Germany will take over Petrograd as Riga was only a weeks march away.
2. 'Fatherland in Danger' 3. Black 100s beat up jews |
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Who was Kornilov?
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Commander in Chief of the armed forces
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When was the Kornilov revolt?
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September 1917
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What was the effect of the Kornilov revolt on the Bolsheviks?
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1. PG resign as they refuse to fight their own people
2. Kerensky turns to the left for support, arms them and gives them money. 3. He lets Bolsheviks out of prison. 4. Trotsky sets up MRC 5. Petrograd Garrison accept the authority of the MRC as MRC supports the Soviet 6. Aurora |
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What was the Military Revolutionary Committee? And who set it up?
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the MRC was a body of Bolsheviks (TROTSKY) set up to organise the 1917 revolution
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What was Trotsky's role in the October revolution?
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President of Petrograd Soviet
Co-ordinator of the MRC |
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How much resistance was made by the PG to the MRC?
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None. The PG abdicated and left Kerensky to fight it out on his own. It gave them an excuse to leave before things got any worse.
Kerensky fled |
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Why did Lenin want a revolution in October when the Tsar had already gone?
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Wouldn't win the November elections
and he wanted to make sure he came into power before the Congress of Soviets met |
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Which treaty ended ww1 in 1918?
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Brest-Litovsk, 3rd March 1918
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When was the Civil war?
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1917-21
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reasons why the Reds were sucessful in the Civil war:
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1. Reds had control of banks and communcations.
2. Whites were disorganised and geographically isolated. 3. Whites had foreign help, Reds were able to say they were patriotic doing it for the good of the country as they had no outside help. 4. Whites were made up of many different groups with vastly differing opinions |
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Who were the Greens?
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Peasant armies
1920-21> opposed Bolsheviks against war communism |
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What was Trotsky's role in the civil war?
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1. Leader of the Red army
2. Organised the battle from trains etc> Great leader. |
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Who made up the Whites?
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Nationalists, Imperial officers, Rev groups, 40,000 Czechs
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What was the Decree on Nationalisaition?
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Set up War Communism, June 1918
1. most private trade outlawed 2. Economic production was to be centrally controlled 3. Bank notes printed> INFLATION 4. large scale requisitioning of grain 5. all buisnesses employing more than 9 people were nationalised |
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How did the new communist government survive 1917-18?
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1.fear and violence
2. Bolsheviks were put in high places of power 3. Gives prolertariat worker control and power 4. use of repression (cheka etc) 5. Capital moved to Moscow as Germany was getting nearer |
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What was 'Lenin's political Testament'?
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A testament claiming Trotsky was too big headed and arogant to become leader
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When was the NEP?
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1921
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What was the NEP?
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New Economic Policy> instituted due to the demands of the civil.
'Give the people a bit of capitalism' Bought in to replace war communism 1.requsitioning of grain was to end 2. peasants were to pay 10% of their crops as tax in kind 3. small businesses were legalised 4. Heavy industry, transport and banking was to remain in state control. |
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What was the Statute of State Security?
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reactionary measures introduced by Alexander III in 1881:
1. Okhrana 2. The Courtds- special tribunals. Court officials who had liberal reforming ideas were removed from office 3. Zemstva control- powers further reduced. 4. Land Captains- wide ranging powers over Zemstva activities 'little tsars' 5. Russification 6. Censorship 7. lower classes were deliberately denied an education 8. Pobedonostev influence |
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Who formed the Troika?
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Zinoviev, Kamenev and Stalin
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Who wrote 'Notes of an Economist'?
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Bukharin 1928
criticised collectivisation Stalin was able to use this saying Bukharin was criticising Lenin and therefore the Bolshevik ideology to remove Buhkarin from power. |
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Bolsheviks on the right of the party
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Rykov, Lenin, Tomsky
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Bolsheviks on the left
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Kamenev, Zinoviev
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