General Psych

Front 1

what are the basic components of emotion?

Back 1

-physiological arousal
-expressive behaviors
-conscious experience

Front 2

What is the purpose of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Back 2

It purposes that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience
-"we feel sorry because we cry, angry bc we strike, afraid bc we tremble"

Front 3

Cannon-bard theory of emotion

Back 3

an emotion -triggering stimulus and the body's arousal take place simultaneously and independatly

Front 4

Schachter's two factor theory of emotion

Back 4

emotions are physiologically similar so an emotional emotional experience requires conscious interpretation of the physiological arousal

Front 5

spillover effect

Back 5

when our arousal response to one event spills over into our response to another event

Front 6

eveidence that emotion sometimes precedes cognition

Back 6

oA subliminally presented happy face can encourage subjects to drink more than when presented with an angry face (Berridge and Winkeilman, 2003)
o Emotions are felt directly through the amygadala (a) or through the cortex (b) for analysis.
o B-the thinking high road.
o A- the speedy low road.
o When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed higher levels of activity in the amygdala. (Whalen et al. 2004).
o But emotions such as guilt, happiness, and love arise from our interpretations and expectations

Front 7

What does the feel good do good phenomenon refers to

Back 7

ppl who are more happy and more willing to help

Front 8

what is the relationship btw arousal and performance

Back 8

o Arousal in short spurts are adaptive. We perform better under moderate arousal, but optimal performance varies with task difficulty.

Front 9

health psychology

Back 9

oStudies stress related aspects of disease
What type of attitudes will help us not get sick?
How stressful do we perceive a situation

Front 10

definition of stress

Back 10

is any circumstance(real of perceived) that threatens a person's well being

Front 11

effects of stress on the immune system

Back 11

• Stress and Immune Conditioning
o The immune system can be suppressed through conditioning.


US UR
(Drug) (Immune suppression)


CS US UR
(Sweetened water) (Drug) (immune suppression)


CS CR
(Sweetened water) (Immune suppression)

Front 12

the immune system-lymphocytes, macrophages

Back 12

• Immune system
o Surveillance system that defends our bodies by isolating and destroying bacteria, viruses and other foreign substance.

-lymphocytes-fight bacterial infections
-macrophages-ingest foriegn substances

Front 13

effects of aids on the immune system

Back 13

o Stress and negative emotions may accelerate the progression from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
 Reduction of stress may help with the spreading and killing of aids

Front 14

conditioning and the immune system

Back 14

the immune system can be suppressed through conditioning

Front 15

what are the effects of aerobic exercise

Back 15

o Many studies suggest that aerobic exercise raises energy, increases self-confidence, and lowers tension, depressions, and anxiety.

Front 16

General adaption syndrome-three phases

Back 16

that stress can lead to infection, illness, disease and death. There are three stages that he discovered: Alarm, Resistance and Exhaustion

Front 17

how does loss of perceived control affect health

Back 17

• Perceived Control
o Research with rats and humans indicates that the absence of control over stressors is a predictor of health problems.
o If tow rats receive shocks, but one can stop them, the helpless rat becomes more susceptible to ulcers and lowered immunity to disease.
o Elderly who have little perceived control die sooner

Front 18

Type A and Type B personalities

Back 18

Type A personality generally refers to hard workers who are often preoccupied with schedules and the speed of their performance. Type B personalities may be more creative, imaginative, and philosophical.

Front 19

what is a psychophysiological illness

Back 19

stree migranes-response to stress

Front 20

latent and manifest content of dreams

Back 20

The manifest content of dream is the content which the dreamer remembers and relates. Behind this content there is usually hidden the latent content of dream as "the dream we remember [sic] is not exactly the right thing, but rather a deformed substitute for dream." (Freud 1977: 116

Front 21

Free association

Back 21

In free-association, patients are asked to continually relate anything which comes into their minds, regardless of how superficially unimportant or potentially embarrassing the memory threatens to be. This technique assumes that all memories are arranged in a single associative network, and that sooner or later the subject will stumble across the crucial memory.

Front 22

3 part of personality in psychoanalytic theory

Back 22

Id-what you want
Ego-what mediates between the two
superego-what you should do

Front 23

Freud's psychosexual stages

Back 23

-oral stage
-anal stage
-phallic stage
-latency stage
-genital stage

Front 24

freud's defense mechanisms

Back 24

repression of memories....this mechanism in question because of the holocaust

Front 25

Carl Jung;the collective unconscious

Back 25

The collective unconscious is also known as "a reservoir of the experiences of our species."[1]

Front 26

Humanistic perspective on personality: maslow-rogers

Back 26

• Humanistic Perspective
o Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
o Carl Rogers (!(02-1987)
o Emphasizes the growth potential of healthy people
o Aims at fostering …
• Self-Actualizing Person
o Maslow proposed that a hierarchy of needs motivates us as individuals.
o Healthy, creative people share certain characteristics:
 Self-aware, self-accepting, open, spontaneous, loving, caring, not paralyzed by others’ opinions.
• Carl Rogers’ person-centered perspective
o People are basically good and have self-actualizing tendencies

Front 27

criticism of humanistic perspective

Back 27

human beings are good-why do they act bad? because of environment• Criticisms to the Humanistic perspective
o Its concepts are vague and subjective
o Very individualistic
o Fails to appreciate the reality of our human capacity for evil.

Front 28

projective tests

Back 28

two types
type 1: inkblot
type 2: TAT(pics)have to interpret

Front 29

when is behavior considered abnormal or disordered?

Back 29

• Abnormal behavior: deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior.
• Standards of acceptability of behavior vary in different cultures

Front 30

the medical model of psychological disorders

Back 30

Deals with mental illness the way we treat other illnesses• The medical perspective
o A mental illness needs to be diagnosed on the basis of its symptoms and cured through therapy which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital
• Medical Model
o Etiology
o Diagnosis
o Treatment
o Prognosis

Front 31

what is the DSM-IV-what is it used for

Back 31

• Classifying psychological disorders
o The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)
• Goals of DSM
o Describe (400) disorders
o Determine hoe prevalent the disorder is.
 Disorders outline by DSM-IV are reliable. Therefore, diagnoses by different professionals are similar.

Front 32

problems with DSM-IV& the prob w/ labeling psychological disorders

Back 32

o It doesn’t explain causes
o Criticisms:
 Presumes “mental illness”
 Includes almost any kind of behavior
 Labeling people makes us view them differently

could identify anyone with a mental illness&if teacher thinks one student is gifted he will do better than the other that has the same IQ

Front 33

anxiety disorders

Back 33

o Anxiety disorders
 Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.
• Generalized anxiety disorders
o Symptoms
 Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension
 Autonomic arousal
 Inability to identify or avoid the cause of certain feelings
• Phobias
o Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior
• Panic disorders
o Minute-long episodes of intense dread, which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations.

Front 34

obsessive compulsive disorder

Back 34

• Obsessive –compulsive disorders
o Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress.

Front 35

mood disorders

Back 35

 Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
• Major depressive disorder
o Signs include
 Lethargy and fatigue
 Feelings of worthlessness
 Loss of interest in family and friends
 Loss of interest in activities

Front 36

pos and neg symptoms of schizophrenia

Back 36

 Positive symptoms
• Presence of inappropriate behavior: hallucinations, disorganized talk, delusions, inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage
 Negative symptoms
• Absence of appropriate behavior: toneless voice, expressionless face, mute and rigid body

Front 37

failure of selective attention in schizo patients

Back 37

some cases can be treated some not but people can committ suicide

Front 38

genetic influences in schizo

Back 38

• Viral Infection
o Schizophrenia has been observed in individuals who contracted a viral infection (flu) during the middle of their fetal development
• Genetic Factors
o The likelihood of an individual suffering from schizophrenia is 50% if their if their identical twin has the disease (Gottesman, 1991)

Front 39

personality disorders:anti social personality disorder(guy in jail dvd)

Back 39

• Antisocial Personality Disorder
o A disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members.
o Understanding antisocial personality disorder
 Antisocial personality disorder has biological and psychological reasons
o Biological relatives are at increased risk for antisocial behavior
o When they await aversive events (electric shocks) they show little autonomic nervous system arousal
o They react with lower levels of stress hormones
o Raine (1999) compared brain scans of 41 murderers with those of people of similar age and sex
 Reduced activity in frontal lobe

Front 40

psychological therapies and biomedical therapies

Back 40

o Psychological therapies
 Psychotherapy: and emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

Front 41

electric approach to therapy

Back 41

blend of therapies-therapists use different techniques

Front 42

psychoanalysis

Back 42

 Psychoanalysis
• The first formal psychotherapy to emerge was psychoanalysis, developed by Sigmund Freud
• Aims at bringing repressed feelings into conscious awareness so that the patient will be able to deal with them
• Methods –
o Free association: the patient is asked to talk about whatever comes to mind
• Dream interpretation:
• Manifest content symbolically masks the latent content
• Freud also interested in the interpretation of resistance
• Resistance: blocks in the flow of free association
• Transference: the phenomenon in which the patient comes to feel and act toward the therapist in ways that resemble how he or she feels and acts toward a significant adult.
• Criticisms:
o Psychoanalysis is hard to refute because it cannot be proven or disproven
o Psychoanalysis takes a long time and if very expensive

Front 43

humanistic thereapies(client centered therapy)

Back 43

the therapist engages in active listening
-active listening -paraphrasing,inviting clarification,and reflecting feelings

Front 44

behavorial therapies

Back 44

• Behavior therapy
o The process of learning is central to therapy
o Behavior therapist plays the role of a teacher
o Applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
o Assume that the problem behaviors are the problem
o Therapists don’t go below the surface looking for inner causes.

Front 45

systematic desensitization-aversive conditoning -token economy

Back 45

• Systematic Desensitization
o A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
o Aversive conditioning: associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

o Token economy: rewards desired behaviors

Front 46

potential problems w/ aversive conditioning

Back 46

they don't care if they get sick-think it's the booze

Front 47

cognitive therapy

Back 47

• Cognitive therapies
o Used to treat less clearly defined psychological problems such as major depression or general anxiety
o Between event and response lies our mind
o Abnormal therapy is caused by maladaptive beliefs, expectations, and ways of thinking
o Teaches people adaptive ways of thinking and acting

Front 48

drug therapies-double blinde technique

Back 48

• Drug therapies
o Psychopharmacology is the study of drug effects
• Double-blind procedures
o To test the effectiveness of a drug, patients are tested with the drug and a placebo. Patients and medical health professionals are unaware of who is taking the drug and who is taking the placebo

Front 49

electroconvulsive therapy

Back 49

o ECT
o The psychiatrist shocks the patient’s brain

Front 50

psychosurgery

Back 50

• Psychosurgery
o Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
o Lobotomy: developed in 1930s to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients.

Front 51

what do social psychologists study?

Back 51

• Social psychologists study how we think about people, influence, and relate to one another

Front 52

what are attitudes

Back 52

the way you feel about something or someone

Front 53

attribution theory

Back 53

• Attribution theory
o How people explain others’ behavior
o People usually attribute other’s behavior either to their internal dispositions or their external situations
o How we explain someone’s behavior affects how we react to it

*when we judge other ppl we don't think of the circumstances,but when we judge ourselves we think of the circumstances

Front 54

the fundamental attribution error

Back 54

o The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of person disposition
o When explaining out own behavior we are sensitive to how it changes with the situation
o When explaining others’ behavior we commit the fundamental attribution error: we disregard the situation and attribute behavior to personality traits

Front 55

attitudes and actions

Back 55

• Attitudes and actions
o Attitudes: feeling based on our beliefs that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events
o Do our attitudes guide our actions?
 Our attitudes can be guided by actions
o Attitudes can affect action
 Not only do people stand for what they believe in (attitude), they start believing in what they stand for.
 Cooperative reactions can lead to mutual liking (beliefs)

Front 56

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon-role playing

Back 56

is a compliance tactic that involves getting a person to agree to a large request by first setting them up by having that person agree to a modest request.

Front 57

cognitive dissonance

Back 57

 When we are aware that our attitudes and actions don’t coincide we experience tension called cognitive dissonance (Leon Festinger

Front 58

Zimbardo's experiment with a simulated prison

Back 58

• Zimbardo (1972)
• Assigned the roles of guards and prisoners to random students and found that guards and prisoners developed role-appropriate attitudes

Front 59

conformity-the chameleon effect

Back 59

• Conformity and obedience
o Conformity: adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
o Chameleon effect: we unconsciously mimic others’ expressions, postures, and voice tones to help us feel what they are feeling.
o Conformity:
 Conformity increase when
• One is made to feel incompetent or insecure
• The group has at least three people
• The group is unanimous
• One admires the group status and attractiveness
• One has made no prior commitment to any response
• Others in the group observe one’s behavior
• One’s culture strongly encourages respect for social standards

Front 60

Milgram's obedience studies-electric shock

Back 60

 Stanley Milgram designed a study that investigates the effects of authority on obedience
 Milgram conducted some famous experiments on obedience
 Yale University – tells subjects he is interested in the effect of punishment on learning
 One is teacher and the other the learner
 Learner led to adjoining room
 You sit in front of the electric shock machine with 30 switches that go from 15 volts to 450
 The learner must learn word pairs
 63% of men complied fully.
• Milgrams experiment:
o Shock level in volts
• Slight (15-60)
• Moderate (75-120)
• Strong (135-180)
• Very strong (195-240)
• Intense (255-300)
• Extreme intensity (315-360)
• Danger/severe 375-420)
• XXX (435-?)

Front 61

social loafing-social facilitation

Back 61

o Social facilitation: improved performance of tasks in the presence of others – occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered.
o Social loafing: the tendency for people in group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Front 62

deindividuation

Back 62

o The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. (mob behavior)
•