General Biology Chapters 12-15

Front 1

Meiosis can occur in the:

a. toes

b. hair follicle

c. ovaries

d. digestive tract

Back 1

ovaries

Front 2

What happens during S phase?

a. DNA replication

b. cell is doing its thing

c. error-checking

d. cellular division

Back 2

DNA replication

Front 3

Cell division is not complete once Mitosis is over. There is still one more phase that has to happen.

True or False

Back 3

True

Front 4

One chromosome #8 from Mom and one chromosome #8 from Dad are together called:

Back 4

Homologous Pair

Front 5

A human cell that has only one full set of chromosomes (23) would be called:

Back 5

Haploid

Front 6

The name of the protein that the spindles attach to is:

Back 6

Kinetochore

Front 7

In Metaphase of Mitosis:

a. chromosomes split apart

b. chromosomes move to the middle

c. nuclear membrane reforms

d. chromosomes duplicate

Back 7

Chromosomes move the middle

Front 8

G1, S & G2 are together called:

a. mitosis

b. meiosis

c. growth phase

d. interphase

Back 8

Interphase

Front 9

Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes at the centrosome.

True or False

Back 9

False

Front 10

Coat color in Labrador retrievers is controlled by alleles on two genes: This is an example of:

a. Dominance

b. Incomplete dominance

c. Codominance

d. Epistasis

e. Pleiotropy

Back 10

Epistasis

Front 11

An allele whose effect masks the effect of other alleles is called:

Back 11

Dominant

Front 12

When Mendel crossed a white flower (pp) with a purple flower (PP), the offspring (Pp) were all purple. What is the fancy biology word for those offspring, since they have two different alleles?

Back 12

Heterozygous and F1

Front 13

After Mendel did di-hybrid crosses, he found new combinations of traits in the second-generation offspring that didn't look anything like the parental. This led to his theory of:

a. Segregation

b. Parent-offspring disequivalency

c. Independent assortment

Back 13

Independent assortment

Front 14

For pea color, green is dominant to yellow. If a heterozygous plant is crossed with a yellow pea plant, what is the likelihood that the offspring will have yellow peas?

a. 0

b. 1/4

c. 1/2

d. 3/4

e. 100%

Back 14

1/2

Front 15

For human blood types, A is dominant to O and B is dominant to O, but A & B are ____________ to each other:

a. Recessive

b. Dominant

c. Incompletely dominant

d. Codominant

Back 15

Codominant

Front 16

Can there be human genes that are typically possessed by males but not females?

a. Yes, genes that are on the X chromosome are typically possessed by only males.

b. No, all genes in the human genome are typically possessed by both sexes.

c. Yes, genes that are on the Y chromosome are typically possessed by only males.

Back 16

C.

Front 17

When pairs of chromosomes do not properly separate during Meiosis, we call this:

__________________

Back 17

Non-disjunction

Front 18

All calico cats are female because...

a. The calico coloration pattern is a result of Barr body formation.

b. The males die during embryonic development

c. The Y chromosome has a gene blocking orange coloration

Back 18

A.

Front 19

The X chromosome carries a gene for "femaleness".

True or False

Back 19

False

Front 20

A person who has trisomy for the X-chromosome will be phenotypically ________ and will also be ___________.

a. Male; normal

b. Male; sterile

c. Female; normal

d. Female; sterile

Back 20

Female; Normal

Front 21

Colorblindness is an X-linked recessive disorder. If a man who is colorblind has kids with a woman who is not colorblind (not a carrier), what is the likelihood that their MALE offspring will be colorblind?

a. 0%

b. 25%

c. 50%

d. 75%

e. 100%

Back 21

0%

Front 22

Robert disease is an autosomal recessive disorder. If two carriers have children, what is the likelihood that their offspring will have Robert disease?

a. 0%

b. 25%

c. 50%

d. 75%

e. 100%

Back 22

25%

Front 23

Buchwald disease is autosomal dominant. If a man with the disease (heterozygous) has kids with a woman that does not have the disease, what is the likelihood that their offspring will have the disease?

a. 0%

b. 25%

c. 50%

d. 75%

e. 100%

Back 23

50%

Front 24

How do most prokaryotes, including bacteria, divide?

Back 24

Asexually, called "Binary Fission"

Front 25

How do Eukaryotes divide?

Back 25

Mitosis and Meiosis

Front 26

During prokaryotic cell division, first ____________, then _____________

Back 26

copy the DNA; Divide

Front 27

After prokaryotic cell division, each daughter cell is ___________________ of the parent cell

Back 27

Genetically Identical

Front 28

Multicellular organisms depend on cell division for:

1.

2.

Back 28

Growth & Division

Tissue Renewal

Front 29

Why do cells divide?

1.

2.

3.

Back 29

1. Reproduction

2. Repair

3. Growth

Front 30

The life of a cell from the time it is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into 2 daughter cells.

Back 30

The cell cycle

Front 31

The entire complex of DNA & proteins that is the building material of chromosomes.

Long, loosely-wrapped strand of DNA & various proteins.

Back 31

Chromatin

Front 32

DNA molecules are packaged into these super condensed structures

Back 32

Chromosomes

Front 33

All body cells except the reproductive cells

Back 33

Somatic cells

Front 34

Differences between Mitosis vs. Meiosis

6 each

Back 34

1. Somatic Cells vs. Reproductive Cells

2. 1 split: 2 daughters vs. 2 splits: 4 daughters

3. Daughter cells are diploid vs. haploid

4. No crossing over vs. crossing over

5. No tetrad vs. tetrad

6. Anaphase-Sister chromatids pulled apart vs. homologous pairs in Anaphase 1

Front 35

Interphase of the cell cycle includes:

Back 35

G1, S phase, and G2

Front 36

In G1, what happens?

Back 36

Main growth phase, organelles duplicate, cell stuff, DNA is chromatin

Front 37

In S phase, what happens?

Back 37

DNA replication, no cell stuff, "cell takes a break"

Front 38

In G2, what happens?

Back 38

Second growth phase, error checking, cell stuff

Front 39

In the nuclei of human somatic cells, each contain _______ chromosomes, made up of 2 sets (mom & dad) of _________

Back 39

46; 23

Front 40

Fertilized egg

Back 40

Zygote

Front 41

Reproductive cells (eggs & sperm)

Back 41

Gametes

Front 42

After replication: Joined copies of the original chromosome, each containing identical DNA information

Back 42

Sister chromatids

Front 43

Before replication: Each chromosome is composed of two single DNA molecules, one from mom and one from dad

Similar but slightly different

Back 43

Homologous pair

Front 44

2 complete sets of chromosomes

Back 44

Diploid

Front 45

1 set of chromosomes

Back 45

Haploid

Front 46

The middle part of a chromosome where sister chromatids attach to each other

Back 46

Centromere

Front 47

You can tell a cell has been through S phase by identifying:

Back 47

Sister chromatids

Front 48

Chromatin wraps around proteins called...

Back 48

Histones

Front 49

The "magnets" that give rise and shoot out microtubles.

Sub cellular region containing material that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cells microtubules

Back 49

Centrosome

Front 50

Begins to form during Prophase, consists of microtubules and associated proteins

Network of microtubules that attach to the chromosomes

Back 50

Mitotic spindle

Front 51

The division of the genetic material in the nucleus, nuclear division

Back 51

Mitosis

Front 52

"Fishing-line" that pushes and pulls the chromosomes during Mitosis/Meiosis

Back 52

Microtubules

Front 53

Protein protector on centromere where spindles attach

Back 53

Kinetochore

Front 54

The steps of Mitosis are:

Back 54

PPMAT

Interphase

Prophase

Prometaphase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Front 55

Chromosomes form, nuclear envelope dissolves, spindle begins to form, centrosomes start to move towards opposite poles

Back 55

Prophase

Front 56

Spindles attach to Kinetochores

Back 56

Prometaphase

Front 57

Centrosomes now at opposite poles of the cell, chromosomes line up in the middle (metaphase plate).

Back 57

Metaphase

Front 58

Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell.

Back 58

Anaphase

Front 59

Spindles are depolymerized, nuclear envelopes begin to form.

Back 59

Telophase

Front 60

Division of cytoplasm, becomes 2 new daughter cells.

Back 60

Cytokinesis

Front 61

A cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.

Back 61

Cell cycle control system

Front 62

How is cell growth controlled?

Back 62

Checkpoints

Front 63

Control point where stop & go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle. Register inside & outside of the cell

Back 63

Checkpoints

Front 64

Where crowded cells stop dividing

Back 64

Density-dependent inhibition

Front 65

To divide, they must be attached to a substratum (inside of culture jar or the extracellular matrix of a tissue)

Back 65

Anchorage dependence

Front 66

Cell "decides" to divide, primary point for external signal influence

Back 66

G1 checkpoint

Front 67

Cell makes a commitment to mitosis, assesses success of DNA replication

Back 67

G2 checkpoint

Front 68

Cell ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the spindle

Back 68

M checkpoint

Front 69

Cancer cells __________ exhibit density-dependent inhibition

Back 69

don't

Front 70

Unrestrained, uncontrolled growth of cells, failure of cell cycle control

Back 70

Cancer

Front 71

The transmission of traits from one generation to the next (also called inheritance)

Back 71

Heredity

Front 72

The scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation

Back 72

Genetics

Front 73

Parents endow their offspring with coded information in the form of hereditary units genes. Program the specific traits that emerge as we develop from fertilized eggs into adults.

Section of DNA thats heritable

Back 73

Genes

Front 74

A single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes.

Back 74

asexual reproduction

Front 75

2 parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the 2 parents. Offspring vary genetically from their siblings and both parents

Back 75

Sexual reproduction

Front 76

The generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism, from conception to production of its own offspring

Back 76

Life cycle

Front 77

XX and XY

Back 77

Sex chromosomes

Front 78

All chromosomes besides sex chromosomes are called...

Back 78

autosomes

Front 79

The human life cycle begins when a haploid sperm from the father fuses with a haploid egg from the mother, this union of gametes, culminating in fusion of their nuclei is called...

Back 79

Fertilization

Front 80

The resulting zygote after fertilization is _________ because it contains 2 _________ sets of chromosomes bearing genes representing the maternal and paternal family lines.

Back 80

Diploid; haploid

Front 81

Made up of Meiosis and fertilization

Back 81

Sexual life cycle

Front 82

____________ undergoes Meiosis to __________, _____________ then join to make offspring

Back 82

Diploid; haploid; haploid

Front 83

In sexually reproducing organisms, gamete formation involves this type of cell division. Reduces the number of sets of chromosomes from 2 to 1 in the gametes, counterbalancing the doubling that occurs at fertilization. Each human sperm and egg is haploid (n=23)

Back 83

Meiosis

Front 84

Meiosis > _____________ > _____________....

Back 84

Fertilization; Mitosis

Front 85

Meiosis 1 separates _____________ chromosomes

Back 85

homologous

Front 86

When does synapsis (tetrad) occur in Meiosis?

Back 86

Prophase 1

Front 87

3 unique events to Meiosis in Meiosis 1:

1.

2.

3.

Back 87

Synapsis and crossing over

homologous pairs at the metaphase plate instead of sister chromatids

separation of homologs instead of sister chromatids

Front 88

Both sets of sister chromosomes from each homologs are all closely associated

Back 88

Tetrad

Front 89

Features of Meiosis include:

1.

2.

3.

Back 89

Meiosis includes 2 rounds of division

Synapsis (tetrad

Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes

Front 90

Chromosomes coil tighter and become visible. Synapsis between paired homologs, forms tetrad. Crossing over happens between non-sister chromatids. Centrosome movement to opposite poles, spindle-formation, nuclear envelope breakdown

Back 90

Prophase 1

Front 91

Pairs of homologous chromosomes are arranged on metaphase plate. Microtubules attached at kinetochores.

Back 91

Metaphase 1

Front 92

Homologs separate, sister chromatids remain attached

Back 92

Anaphase 1

Front 93

2 diploid cells form; each chromosome still consists of 2 sister chromatids

Back 93

Telophase 1

Front 94

No _____________ _______________ occurs between Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2

Back 94

chromosome duplication

Front 95

Separates sister chromatids after homologs

Back 95

Meiosis 2

Front 96

Sister chromatids (not genetically identical) move towards opposite poles

Back 96

Anaphase 2

Front 97

Nuclei form, chromosomes de condense, and cytokinesis occurs. Now have 4 daughter haploid cells

Back 97

Telophase 2

Front 98

The 3 mechanisms that contribute to the genetic variation arising from sexual reproduction are....

Back 98

Independent assortment, crossing over, and random fertilization

Front 99

Random orientation of pairs of homologous chromosomes at Metaphase 1

Back 99

Independent Assortment of chromosomes

Front 100

Produces recombinant chromosomes, individual chromosomes that carry genes (DNA) derived from 2 different parents. Genetic recombination between non sister chromatids in a tetrad. Allows the homologs to exchange chromosomal material. Begins in early stage of Prophase 1

Back 100

Crossing over

Front 101

In humans, each male and female gamete represents 1 of 8.4 million possible chromosome combinations. The fusion of an egg and sperm during fertilization will produce a zygote of about 70 trillion diploid combinations

Back 101

Random Fertilization

Front 102

In metaphase 1, orientation of each pair of homologs on the spindle is __________ making it the second level of ______________

Back 102

Random; recombination

Front 103

In anaphase 1, _________________ of maternal and paternal chromosomes occur. Third level of __________________

Back 103

Independent Assortment; recombination

Front 104

After Telophase 1, sister chromatids are....

Back 104

no longer identical because of crossing over

Front 105

Failure of chromosomes to move to opposite poles during either meiotic division. Pairs of chromosomes do not separate properly.

Back 105

Non-disjunction

Front 106

Non-disjunction leads to ___________ gametes

Back 106

Aneuploid

Front 107

Gametes with missing or extra chromosomes. Improper chromosome numbers

Back 107

Aneuploid gametes

Front 108

The most common cause of miscarriage in humans is....

Back 108

Aneuploidy/Non-disjunction

Front 109

A heritable feature that varies among individuals

Back 109

Character

Front 110

Each variant for a character

Back 110

Trait

Front 111

Varieties that, over many generations of self-pollination, had produced only the same variety as the parent plant. (Mendel example)

Back 111

True-breeding

Front 112

Crossing of 2 true-breeding varieties

Back 112

Hybridization

Front 113

True-breeding parents

Back 113

P generation

Front 114

P generations hybrid offspring

Back 114

F1 generation

Front 115

F1 self-pollinates or cross-pollinates with other F1 hybrids

Back 115

F2 generation

Front 116

Father of modern genetics, monk/scientist, 7 years- 29,000 pea plants, rediscovered early 1900's, info was ignored for decades.

Back 116

Gregor Mendel

Front 117

Type or form of a gene

Back 117

Allele

Front 118

Two copies of same allele

Back 118

Homozygous

Front 119

Two non-identical alleles

Back 119

Heterozygous

Front 120

Allele whose effect masks effect of other alleles.

Back 120

Dominant

Front 121

Allele whose effect can be masked by other alleles

Back 121

Recessive

Front 122

The 2 alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes. No telling which allele will be passed on

Back 122

Law of Segregation

Front 123

Homozygous is ____________

Back 123

True-breeding, PP or pp

Front 124

Heterozygous is not ____________

Back 124

True-breeding, Pp

Front 125

An organisms appearance/observable traits: Purple flower or white flower

Back 125

Phenotype

Front 126

Which two alleles? genetic makeup: Purple allele P vs. white allele p

Back 126

Genotype

Front 127

While doing punnet squares, the most important generation to look at is the....

Back 127

F2 generation

Front 128

4 tenets of Mendels Model:

1.

2.

3.

4.

Back 128

1. Alleles account for variations in characters, which are called "traits"

2. For each character, organisms inherit 2 alleles: one from each parent

3. If the alleles on homologous chromosomes differ (heterozygous), the dominant allele determines the appearance.

4. Law of Segregation

Front 129

Monohybrid crosses formed Mendels law of...

Back 129

segregation

Front 130

Dihybrid crosses formed Mendels law of...

Back 130

independent assortment

Front 131

Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation. Traits are not linked*

Back 131

The law of independent assortment

Front 132

Segregation and assortment lead to...

Back 132

genetic variation

Front 133

"Mendelian" automatically codes for...

Back 133

Dominant and recessive

Front 134

The phenotypes of the heterozygous and the dominant homozygote are indistinguishable

Back 134

Complete dominance

Front 135

A third, intermediate phenotype results from flowers of the heterozygotes having less of something than the homozygote. Not totally dominant, phenotype is in-between effect of two homozygous conditions. Carnation example

Back 135

Incomplete dominance

Front 136

2 alleles each affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways. Effects of both alleles are expressed. Blood type example

Back 136

Codominance

Front 137

Blood type A, B, AB, and O are...

Back 137

phenotypes

Front 138

AA, AO, AB, BB, BO, OO

Back 138

genotypes

Front 139

In blood type AO, ____ is expressed

Back 139

A

Front 140

In blood type AB, they are ____________

Back 140

codominant

Front 141

In blood type BO, _____ is expressed

Back 141

B

Front 142

When a dominant allele coexists with a recessive allele in a heterozygote, they....

Back 142

don't actually interact at all

Front 143

An inherited disorder in humans, which inhibits the metabolization of certain lipids. These lipids accumulate in the brain cells to cause seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance. Dies within a few years, only children that inherit 2 copies of the TS allele (homozygous) have the disease. Mutation on chromosome 15. High among Jews from central-europe

Back 143

Tay-sachs disease; autosomal recessive.

Front 144

1 phenotypic expression of 2 genes, labrador example. B/b - how much melonin, E/e - melanin in fur or not.

Back 144

Epistasis

Front 145

To get a black fur lab, you would need....

Back 145

BbEe or BBEE

Front 146

To get a brown fur lab, you would need...

Back 146

bbE_

Front 147

To get a yellow fur lab, you would need...

Back 147

_ _ ee

Front 148

A gene with multiple phenotypic effects, these alleles are responsible for cystic fibrosis, marfan syndrome, and sickle cell disease. Effected heavily by environmental influences. Issues in human genetic disorders.

Back 148

Pleiotropy

Front 149

Autosomal dominant disease, FBN1 on chromosome 15, causes disproportionately long limbs and digits, speech disorders, vision problems, collapsed lung, aorta heart problems.

Back 149

Marfan Syndrome

Front 150

Several genes affect phenotypic outcome, usually influenced by the environment, spectrum of phenotypes. Indicated by quantitative variation; an additive effect of 2 or more genes on a single phenotypic character. Height and skin color as example.

Back 150

Polygenic Inheritance

Front 151

Affects nerve cell protein, expansion mutation, neurodegenerative dementia, morbidity high after reproductive age. A degenerative disease of the nervous system, is caused by a lethal dominant allele that has no obvious phenotypic effect until the individual is about 35 to 45 years old. 1 out of every 10,000 in US are affected.

Back 151

Huntington's Disease; Autosomal Dominant

Front 152

Most people with an autosomal dominant disease will be _______________, ________________ is even MORE rare

Back 152

heterozygous, homozygous

Front 153

Extreme premature aging, non-inherited mutation on LMNA gene, improper nuclear envelope- "blobular", impairs cell division and protein synthesis, error in making eggs or sperm.

Back 153

Progeria; autosomal dominant

Front 154

Examples of Autosomal dominant diseases are...

Back 154

Dwarfism, Huntington's disease, Progeria

Front 155

Cysts and Fibroids in pancreas, CFTR gene on chromosome 17, persistent lung infections, poor growth, overly thick mucus, movement of water and ions in and out of cells, leads to multiple pleiotropic effects.

Back 155

Cystic Fibrosis; autosomal recessive

Front 156

Two copies of abnormal gene must be present (homozygous), carriers with no symptoms, inbreeding. Cultural background is a factor.

Back 156

Autosomal recessive disorders

Front 157

Examples of autosomal recessive diseases are...

Back 157

Albinism, cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell, tay-sachs, ellis-van creveld syndrome

Front 158

Most common inherited disorder among African descendants, 1 out of every 400, caused by substitution of 1 amino acid in the hemoglobin protein of red blood cells, club and clog blood vessels, the 2 alleles are codominant.

Back 158

Sickle-cell disease; autosomal recessive

Front 159

Many genes, affect production of melanin

Back 159

Albinism

Front 160

Type of fetal testing, extraction of amniotic fluid with needle

Back 160

Amniocentesis

Front 161

Type of fetal testing, extraction of placenta tissue with a tube.

Back 161

Chorionic Villus Sampling

Front 162

Geneticists collect information about a families history for a particular trait and assembles this info into a family tree describing the traits of parents and children across the generations.

Back 162

Pedigree

Front 163

Sex-determining gene is called.... (codes for boy)

Back 163

SRY gene

Front 164

A gene located on either sex chromosome

Back 164

Sex-linked gene

Front 165

Those located on Y chromosome, because there are so few of these genes, there are very few disorders that are passed on. Only 78.

Back 165

Y-linked genes

Front 166

The human X chromosome contains approximately 1,100 genes

Back 166

X-linked genes

Front 167

Fathers pass X-linked alleles to...

Back 167

all of his daughters but none of his sons

Front 168

Mothers can pass X-linked alleles to...

Back 168

both daughters and sons

Front 169

Far more ______ than _______ have X-linked recessive disorders

Back 169

males; females

Front 170

Various levels of cognitive impairment, characteristic eye shape and facial features. 1/700, result of extra chromosome on 21, increased risk to birth child with this disorder with maternal age.

Back 170

Trisomy 21; Down-Syndrome

Front 171

Low rate of survival, serious internal organ and structural disorders, extra chromosome on 18, increased risk to birth child with this disorder with maternal age.

Back 171

Trisomy 18; Edwards Syndrome

Front 172

All monosomy disorders...

Back 172

result in a miscarriage, always die.

Front 173

Change in chromosomal structure, occurs when a chromosomal fragment is lost, missing certain genes

Back 173

Deletion

Front 174

Change in chromosomal structure, repeats a segment

Back 174

Duplication

Front 175

Change in chromosomal structure, reverses a segment within a chromosome

Back 175

Inversion

Front 176

Change in chromosomal structure, moves a segment from 1 chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome

Back 176

Translocation

Front 177

An example of a duplication disorder is...

Back 177

Fragile X

Front 178

On chromosome 5, form of deletion disorder, genes important for cerebral development, difficulty swallowing, cognitive and motor delays.

Back 178

Cri-du-chat

Front 179

In each female cell, 1 X chromosome is turned off and is condensed into a barr body, ensures an equal expression of genes from the sex chromosomes even though females have 2 X chromosomes and males have only 1, females heterozygous for genes on the X chromosome are genetic mosaics

Back 179

X inactivation

Front 180

Mosaic, either X from mom or either from dad gets inactivated, always female, creates different colored fur. Heterozygous on X, one gets inactivated.

Back 180

Calico Cats

Front 181

If disease-carrying gene is on X or Y, will affect ratio of males to females who are affected, can be dominant or recessive, but mostly recessive

Back 181

Sex-linked diseases

Front 182

Disease-causing gene on X chromosome, almost all are recessive, woman are usually the carriers while more men than women are affected

Back 182

X-linked disorder

Front 183

Some examples of X-linked disorders are...

Back 183

hemophilia, color-blindness, Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Front 184

The disease where blood cannot properly clot is called...

Back 184

Hemophilia

Front 185

The disease where there altered structure of light receptors in the eye, 7-10% of males are affected.

Back 185

Color-blindness

Front 186

The disease where there's no dystrophin to support muscle cells, in a wheelchair by 12 and respiratory failure in the mid-20's.

Back 186

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Front 187

Very few because of few genes on it, every male in a lineage would be affected, genes on it are important for proper sperm morphology

Back 187

Y-linked disorders

Front 188

Type of sex chromosome aneuploid disease that makes you short, infertile, no secondary sexual characteristics, neck webbing, and are phenotypically female

Back 188

X0- Turners Syndrome

Front 189

Type of sex chromosome aneuploid disease that causes being overweight, tall, feminizing effects, infertile, phenotypically male

Back 189

XXY- Klinefelter syndrome

Front 190

This sex chromosome aneuploid makes you male and normal.

Back 190

XYY

Front 191

This sex chromosome aneuploid makes you female and normal, 2 bar bodies and x inactivation

Back 191

Trisomy XXX; can also be XXXX

Front 192

The largest risk factor of genetic disorders for non-disjunction is....

Back 192

maternal age

Front 193

The largest risk factor of genetic disorders for autosomal recessive is...

Back 193

cultural background