Ged: General Concepts And Terms In Dev Biol

Front 1

desriptive embryology?

Back 1

Describe what is happening inside and outside

developing fate maps, detailing the destiny of each cell

catalouging gene expression, when and where genes are being expressed

no or little interferrring with the process

Front 2

experimental embryology?

Back 2

work out how and why everything is happening

experiments to find how development occurs

includes transplant studies to find whether cells or tissues obtain their fates from neighbours or determinants

Front 3

what is the common labelling method

Back 3

blue= ectoderm ( outside of cell)

red= mesoderm (formed during gastrulation)

yellow = endoderm (inside of cell)

Front 4

What are thought to be the methods that the fate of cells are determined?

Back 4

1) Inheritance of cell fate determinants

( Aysmmetrical inheritance of cytoplasmic determinants)

2) Cell-cell communication / induction

Front 5

How did dropsphilia embryos indicate mosaic development?

Back 5

their egg cells are already assymetrical

studies showed how determinants in portions of the cytoplasm determine cell fate

Front 6

how does one find out how much of a role cell-fate determinants play in dertmining how cells develop?

Back 6

compare a fate map to a specification map

fate maps are produced from following cells and their daughters fates etc

specification maps are developed by removing cells from the embryo, this isolates them from their environment,

what the isolated cells develop into provides a specification map

Front 7

general differences between mosaic and regulatory devlopment

Back 7

mosaic development, if cell is removed, what that cells fate would have been is removed (cell determinants)

regulatory development, can adapt from being removed ( cell-cell communication)

Front 8

how could you prove regulatory devlopment?

Back 8

cells that

Front 9

stages of frog development?

Back 9

blastula

gastrula: gastrulation

neurula: neural tube forming

tailbud

tadpole/ prelarval

Front 10

what are the cells of blastula called?

Back 10

blastopore

Front 11

morphogenesis?

Back 11

process by which form is generated, involves coordinated cell movements

Front 12

gastrulation?

Back 12

morphogentetic process in which the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm layers reach their final positions in the embryo

Front 13

neuralation?

Back 13

morphogenetic process in which the nervous system begins to develop, formation of neural tube

Front 14

fate map?

Back 14

assesement of fate of a cell or group of cells based on lineage labelling

part of distriptive embryology, as it does not involve interupting normal functioning,

Front 15

specification map?

Back 15

assesment of what a cell or group of cells will form if removed from their embryonic environment

Front 16

what is it where a cell is 'determined,'?

Back 16

a cell or tissue that is determined if, when it is removed or transplanted it will still develop accordingly

example dorsal lip of blastopore (organiser) will still determined to become a notochord even if it is transplanted to ventral side of embryo

Front 17

what is it where cell speciation map is not same as fate map?

Back 17

indicates that some cells must have receive signals from neighbours (cell-to-cell) at a later stage of development that determine their fate

Front 18

competence?

Back 18

competence is the range of cell fates, which can be achieved by a cell or a group of cells in a given set of conditions

Front 19

Induction?

Back 19

the process in which cell or group of cells emit signals to its neighbouring cells, thereby changing its fate

example is the induction of neural ectoderm by dorsal mesoderm in organizer exp

Front 20

breifly state what happens in the organizer experiment?

Back 20

induction of muscle (somites) and neural tissue by the transplanted dorsal mesoderm

the dorsal mesoderm that was transplanted onto the ventral side of the embryo is already determined by early gastrula stage

the fact that the ventral ectoderm and mesoderm can develop into neural and muscle tissue means they are competent to become then

Front 21

what is the organiser region of the gastrula?

Back 21

it is the dorsal mesoderm at the gastrula stage of the embryo

it induces overlying ectoderm to become neural

and neighbouring mesoderm to become muscle

Front 22

what is the nieuwook centre?

Back 22

region of the early blastula stage which induces the organiser