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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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eukaryotes |
plant, animal, fungi or protist organisms (everything except bacteria) |
pafp |
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prokaryotes |
bacteria single called organisms, are smaller and simpler |
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what do animal cells contain |
nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm, cell membrane and ribosomes |
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what do plant cells contain |
nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes, and rigid cell walls, permanent vacuoles, and chloroplasts |
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what can plant cells have that animal cells don't/can't |
cell walls, permemant vacuoles and chloroplast |
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mitochondria |
produce and transfer energy through aerobic respiration |
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cytoplasm |
a gel like material in a cell, is where chemical reactions happen, contains enzymes |
3 things, property property contains |
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cell membrane |
holds cell together, controls what goes in and out |
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cell walls |
supports cell and strengthens it, made of cellulose plant cells only |
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ribosomes |
where proteins are made in the cell |
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nucleus |
controls generic material that controls the cells activities |
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permenant vacuole |
contains cell sap which keeps cell rigid, needs water (to keep rigid) helps support plant plant cells only |
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chloroplasts |
contain green substance called chlorophyll that absorbs light, is where photosynthesis occurs (some) plant cells only |
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which type of cells don't contain a nucleus |
bacterial cells |
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what do (those prokaryotic) cells have instead of a nucleus |
a single circular strand of DNA that floats around in the cytoplasm and DNA rings called plasmid |
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bacterial cells don't have |
a nucleus, chloroplasts or mitochondria |
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light microscopes |
less magnification than electron microscopes, used to see larger structures like nuclei or individual cells |
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electron microscopes |
much higher magnefication than light microscopes and can see smaller structures |
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j |
how many times bigger the image of a specific rn observed is in compared to the actual real life size of the specimen (how big picture is compared to real size) the zoom in lol |
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magnification (equation) |
magnification= image size / real size M= IS /RS |
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what is cell differentiation |
cell differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to be specialised |
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what are stem cells |
unspecialised cells |
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some examples of specialised cells are |
muscle cells, intestinal cells, RBC, sperm cell and nerve cells are all __ cells |
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stem cells have two types? which are |
adult and embryonic |
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embryonic cells are ? |
stem cells, straight out the embryo and can specialise into any cell |
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adult stem cells |
limited stem cells, can only be found in bone marrow and can only differentiate into blood cells |
are x, found in y, differentiate into z |
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therapeutic cloning is |
the duplicate cloning of stem cells to cure disease |
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differentiation happens in a process called? |
MITOSIS |
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Mitosis is needed for |
growing and repairing cells |
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cytokinesis |
during differentiation, it's the process in which the cytoplasm separates and ensure 1 nucleus ends up in each daughter cell |
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genetic material is contained in the form of ? |
chromosomes, coiled into lengths of DNA molecules |
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Mitosis is? (definition |
when multicellular (eukaryotic eg. plant and animal) organisms grow or replicate cells |
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what is binary fission what happens in binary |
its how prokaryotic cells reproduce, through a type of division |
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what happens in binary fission how |
similar to the cell cycle but they divide into two separate unicellular organisms |
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how many stages of the cell cycle are ther |
4 |
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what are the stages of the cell cycle IN ORDER |
Growth, DNA replication, mitosis and cytokinesis |
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what is the first stage of the cell cycle and what happens in it |
growth- cell grows to contain more cell structures and space for next stages |
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what is the second stage of the cell cycle and what happens in it |
DNA duplication- DNA condenses, then duplicates but states attached in an X shape |
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what is the third stage of the cell cycle and what happens in it |
mitosis- chromosomes line up in the middle, then are pulled to each opposite end of the cell, breaking chromosomes in half |
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what is the fourth stage of the cell cycle and what happens in it |
cytokinesis- the division stage, a nucleus for each group of chromosomes before cytoplasm divide forming two identical daughter cells |
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Osmosis is? |
the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water converntration to an area of low water concentration |
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What does moving down a concentration a gradient mean |
when something moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (waterfall) |
waterfall |
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diffusion is |
the spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
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things that effect the rate of diffusion |
the bigger the concentration gradient, the faster the diffusion rate a higher temperature gives faster diffusion rate because a higher temperature= more energy= faster movement the larger the surface area of the membrane, the faster the rate of diffusion because more particles pass through at once |
3 things |
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osmosis vs diffusion ? difference between them |
osmosis talks about the movement of water through a partially permeable membrane, diffusion had no membrane and it can be about gases or solutions |
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net movement |
just the total number of water molecules moving |
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in an osmosis experiment, let's say the water has a lower concentration of water than the potato, does it increase or decrease in mass |
it decreases because the water moves from an area of high to low concentration, so from the potato to outside |
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in an osmosis experiment, let's say the water has a higher concentration of water than the potato, does it increase or decrease in mass |
the mass increases because the water had a higher concentration than the potato and water moves from an area of higher to lower concentration |
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active transport (definition and difference) |
the movement of whatever from an area of low concentration to high concentration against the concentration gradient difference is that it requires energy from respiration and moves against concentration gradient |
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an example of active transport |
in root hair cells in plants, where the concentration of minerals in the plant is higher then the soil around them, so they take it through active transport |
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