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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Delocalized structure |
Electron charge is spread equally between atoms. The electrons float between the atoms making each bond the same length |
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Proton donor |
A molecule that donates a H+ to another molecule. |
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Reaction pathway |
Organizing several reactions in sequence so that one product becomes the reactant of the next and so on. |
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Grignard reactions |
Reactions of Grignard reagents with a variety of different organic compounds |
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Grignard reagent |
Organometallic compounds Characterized by the presence of Mg and a halogen giving the general formula R-Mg-X. |
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Chlorophyll |
Green stuff in plants Contains Mg bonded to a nitrogen-carbon ring structure |
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Hemoglobin |
Stuff in cells that transports oxygen Contains Fe bonded to a nitrogen-carbon ring structure. |
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Ring activators |
Electron deficient donating groups that direct incoming groups to positions 2 and 4 in the benzene ring. |
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Ring deactivators |
Electron-withdrawing groups that direct incoming groups to position 3 in the benzene ring. |
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Conjugation |
Where a lone pair of electrons on the oxygen atom is partially donated towards the benzene ring. |
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Friedel-Crafts reaction |
Type of reaction where an arene reacts with reagents that give rise to a positively charged carbon atom. |
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Halogen carrier catalyst |
An electron deficient species that acts like a Lewis acid accepting a lone pair of electrons from the halogen and inducing polarity in the molecule. |
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Nitrating mixture |
A mixture of concentrated nitric and concentrated sulfuric acids at 50 degrees Celsius. |
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Resonance energy/Stabilization energy |
The resonance energy of benzene refers to the lowering of its internal energy as a result of it delocalized pi electron cloud. It has a value of about 150 kJ per mol and is the reason why benzene is reluctant to undergo addition reactions. |
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Delocalized pi electron cloud |
Cloud in which electron density is concentrated in two doughnut-shaped rings above and below the plane of the ring. |
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Benzene |
C6H6 |
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Arenes |
derivative of benzene |
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Aromatic chemistry |
chemistry involving benzene and arenes |
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Aliphatics |
All other organic compounds other than benzene and arenes |
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Acylating agents |
Agents that join the acyl group RCO onto the nucleophile |
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Acyl group |
RCO Acyl chlorides= RCOCl Acid anhydrides= (RCO)2O |
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2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone |
A condensation product when DNP reacts with aldehydes and ketones. Forms a yellow-orange precipitate with a well defined MP. |
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2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine |
A reagent used in addition-elimination reactions that are done to identify aldehydes and ketones.
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Loss of H+ |
When an unstable carbocation intermediate rapidly loses H+ to form the alkene |
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Loss of water |
Once protonated, the alcohol can readily lose water, which is then known as the leaving group |
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Protonation |
When acids such as sulfuric and phosphoric acid donate a proton to the -OH group in an alcohol. |
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Hydroxynitrile/Cyanohydrin |
A compound with both alcohol and nitrile functional groups bonded to it. |
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Polar bond |
Differing electronegativities between atoms in a bond mean that one atom attracts the electrons more strongly towards itself creating polarity. |
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Carbonyl group. |
A carbon-oxygen double bond In ketones and aldehydes |
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Markonikov's rule |
When an unsymmetrical reagent adds to an unsymmetrical alkene, the electrophilic portion of the reagent adds to the carbon that is bonded to the greater number of hydrogen atoms. |
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Primary carbocation |
Carbocation where there is only one positive inductive effect stabilising the carbocation |
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Secondary carbocation |
Carbocation where there are two positive inductive effect stabilising the carbocation. |
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Reaction mechanisms |
Molecular-level explanations for how reactions happen. |
