Fungi, Algae & Protozoans

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Fungi that are single-celled organisms

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Yeasts

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Fungi that are filamentous organisms

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Molds

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Fungi that are fleshy macroscopic fruiting structures

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Mushrooms

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The vegetative structure of fungi

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Mycelium

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Whole fungus individual including vegetative and all specialized structures

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Thallus

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Microscopic tubular elements

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Hyphae

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What is the wall of a fungal cell made up of?

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Chitin

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What is chitin?

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A short but flexible nitrogen-containing polysaccharide consisting of NAG residue

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2 types of hyphae

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1. Coenocytic hyphae

2. Septate hyphae

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Difference between coenocytic and septate hyphae

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Coenocytic hyphae do not have crosswalls and protoplasm streams through hyphae why septate hyphae have septate walls that divide the mycelium into compartments and protoplasm is permitted through the spores of the crosswalls.

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How do yeasts reproduce?

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Asexually: budding and transverse fission

Sexually: spore formation

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Where do fungi usually grow better?

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At acidic pH (5.0)

Grow on surfaces because they are aerobic and yeasts are facultative anaerobes

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What is the complex carbohydrate that a fungi can metabolize but a bacteria that can not?

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Lignin

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2 ways of reproduction

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1. Asexual spores

2. Sexual spores

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How does asexual spores occur?

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Formed by the aerial mycelium of one organism through mitosis and subsequent cell division. There is no fusion of the nuclei cells.

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3 stages of sexual spore formation

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1. Plasmogamy

2. Karyogamy

3. Meiosis

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5 types of asexual spores

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1. Sporangiospores

2. Conidiospores

3. Arthrospores

4. Chlamydospores

5. Blastospores

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How is sporangiospore?

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Formed within a sac (sporangium) at the end of an aerial hypha called a sporangiosphore

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Example of sporangiospores

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Rhizopus

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How is conidiospore?

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Spores not enclosed in a sac but produced in chains at the end or side of the hyphae

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Example of conidiospore

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Penicillium

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How is arthrospores?

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Formed by the fragmentation of a septate into a single, slightly thickened cell

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Example of arthrospore

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Coccidiodes immitis

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How is chlamydospores?

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A thick-walled spore formed by rounding and enlargement within hyphae segment

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Example of chlamydospores

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Candida albicans

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How is blastospores?

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Spores produced from vegetative mother by budding

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What is plasmogamy?

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A haploid nucleus of a donor cell (+) penetrates the cytoplasm of a recipient cell (-)

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What is karyogamy?

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(+) and (-) nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus

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4 types of sexual spores

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1. Oospore

2. Zygospore

3. Ascospore

4. Basidiospore

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What is oospore?

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Results from the fertilization of the contents of a special female structure (oosphere)

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Example of an oospore

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Saprolegnia

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What is zygospore?

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Tips of two hyphae come together and their nuclei fuse

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What is ascospore?

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Fusion of the nuclei of two cells that can be morphologically similar or dissimilar

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Sac-like structure of ascospore

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Ascus

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Definite fruiting body of ascospore

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Ascocarp

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What is basidiospore?

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Four in number from the end of club-shaped structure (basidium)

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4 fungal divisions

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1. Zygomycota

2. Ascomycota

3. Basidiomycota

4. Deuteromycota

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What is zygomycota and examples.

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Coenocytic hyphae

Asexual: Sporangia

Sexual: Zygospores

Examples: Rhizopus stolonifer and Mucor racemosus

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What is ascomycota and examples.

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Red, brown and blue-green molds that cause food spoilage

Septate hyphae

Asexual: Conidiospore

Sexual: Ascus formation

Examples: Neurospora crassa (genetic and biochemistry researches), Saccharomyces cereviceae (baker's and brewer's yeast), Claviceps purpurea (causes ergot)

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What is basidiomycota and examples.

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Sexual: Basidium

Saprophytes

Examples: Amanita phalloides (destroying angel), Trychophyton (tineas), Cryptococcus neoformans (cryptococcosis)

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What is deuteromycota and examples.

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Lacks sexual phase or phase has not been found

Terrestrial, saprophytic or parasites

Examples: Pneumocystis carinii (cause of death of HIV), Candida albicans (vaginitis)

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3 culture media of fungi

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1. Natural media

2. Culture media prepared from peptones plant extracts, agar and other compounds of unknown or variable composition

3. Synthetic or chemically defined media

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What is sabouraud?

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Contain maltose and peptone as principle ingredients and is used for isolation of molds and certain yeasts and growing pathogenic fungi

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3 distributions of algae

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1. Planktonic

2. Benthic

3. Neustonic

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What is planktonic?

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Suspended/floating, mostly free floating microscopic

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What is benthic?

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Attached and living on the bottom

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What is neustonic?

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Water-atmospheric interphase

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6 structure and morphology of algae

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1. Unicellular - Chlorella

2. Colonial - Volvox

3. Filamentous - Spirogyra

4. Membranous - Ulva

5. Tubular

6. Resemble plant like structure but without bundles

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4 ultrastructure of algal cells

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1. Surrounded by thin, rigid cell wall, some algae with outer matrix (flexible and gelatinous) lysing outside the wall

2. Nucleus with pored nuclear membrane, within is a nucleolus, chromatin and karyolymph

3. Chloroplast with membrane-bound sacs (thylakoid) embedded in stroma

4. Often with pyrenoid

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2 reproduction of algae

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1. Asexual

2. Sexual

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2 asexual reproduction of algae

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1. Fragmentation

2. Spores

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What is fragmentation in algae reproduction?

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Thallus breaks up and each fragmented part grow to form a new thallus

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What is spores in algae reproduction?

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Formed in ordinary vegetative cells or in specialized structures termed sporangia

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2 spores formation in algae

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1. Zoospores

2. Aplanospores

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What is zoospores?

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Flagellated, motile

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What is aplanospores?

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Non-motile, and mostly in terrestrial algae

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How is sexual reproduction in algae?

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Fusion of eggs formed within modified vegetative cells called oogonia and sperms produced in antheridia to form a diploid zygote

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3 Pigments present in algae

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1. Chlorophylls

2. Pigments that mediate the basic reaction of photosynthesis by converting light energy into chemical energy

3. Accessory photosynthetic pigments

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3 chlorophyll pigments in algae

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A, B and C

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2 accessory photosynthetic pigments

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1. Carotenoids

2. Phycobilins

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6 major groups of algae

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1. Pyrrophyta - Dinoflagellates

2. Euglenophyta - Euglenoids

3. Chrysophyta - Diatoms

4. Phaeophyta - Kelps

5. Rhodophyta - Red algae

6. Chlorophyta - Green algae

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2 flagella of pyrrophyta

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1. Transverse - Cingulum

2. Longitudinal - Sulcus

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What is Cingulum?

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Flattened, ribbon-like, propels the cell forward while causing it to spin

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What is Sulcus?

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Extends posteriorly as a rudder with chlorophylls a and c, carotene and xanthophylls

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What causes red tide during algal bloom?

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Gymnodinium and Gonyaulax

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What is the toxin produced in red tide?

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Saxitoxin

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What disease can you get in red tide?

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Paralytic shellfish poisoning and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning

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The most powerful toxin causing GI disturbances

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Ciguatoxin

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Storage of euglenophyta

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Paramylon

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Component of cell membrane of euglenophyta

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Pellicle

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Example of euglenophyta

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Euglena viridis

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CHO reserve of chrysophyta

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Chrysolaminarin or laminarin

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2 frustule of chrysophyta

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1. Epitheca

2. Hypotheca

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What is the difference between epitheca and hypotheca?

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Epitheca is the larger half while hypotheca is the smaller half

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What makes the kelps buoyant?

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Air bladders

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Storage of phaeophyta

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Laminarin

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What is an algin?

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An extract from cell wall used as thickener in ice creams, cake decors, rubber tires, lotion

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Example of phaeophyta

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Sargassum

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Storage of rhodophyta

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Floridean starch

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Role of rhodophyta

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Deposit CaCO3 in their cell walls and builds coral reefs

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Storage of chlorophyta

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CHO as starch

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Examples of chlorophyta

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Chlamaydomonas

Chlorella

Volvox

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Determining factor of algae

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Light

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What are lichens?

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Combination of green algae (Phycobiont fungus and mycobiont)

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3 morphological types of lichens

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1. Fructicose - finger-like projection

2. Crustose - compact and appressed to substratum

3. Foliose - leaf-like

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4 importance of lichens

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1. Secrete organic acids that chemically whether rocks

2. Pollutant indicator

3. Source of lithmus

4. Source of essential oils used in perfumes

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What are protozoa?

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Microorganisms with animal-like characteristics, including locomotion, ingestion of food, and lack of a rigid cell wall

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What is the nutrition of protozoa?

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Chemoheterotrophic

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2 types of chemoheterotrophic

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1. Holozoic

2. Saprozoic

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What is holozoic?

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By phagocytosis or through cytostome

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What is saprozoic?

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By pinocytosis diffusion or carrier-mediated transport

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What is trophozoite?

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Protozoan vegetative form

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What is ectoplasm?

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Cytoplasm beneath plasma membrane

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What is endoplasm?

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Area inside ectoplasm

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3 vacuoles

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1. Contractile vacuole

2. Phagocytic vacuole

3. Secretory vacuole

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What is contractile vacuole?

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Fixation as osmoregulatory organelles in those protozoa in hypotonic environment

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What is phagocytic vacuole?

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Conspiscious in holozoic and parasitic species and are the sites of food digestion

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What is secretory vacuole?

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Contain specific enzymes that perform various functions (e.g. excystation)

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3 asexual reproduction of protozoa

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1. Binary fission

2. Budding

3. Schizogony (multiple fission)

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What is binary fission?

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Nucleus first undergoes mitosis, then cytoplasm divides by cytokinesis to form 2 identical individuals

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What is budding?

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Formation of one or more smaller individuals from parent; mother remains sessile and releases swarming daughter cells

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What is schizogony?

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Either nucleus divides repeatedly and some cytoplasm gather around each nuclei to form daughter cells, or a giant cell undergoes several fissions without growth, producing many cells

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2 sexual reproduction of protozoa

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1. Conjugation

2. Syngamy or gametogamy

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What is conjugation?

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Exchange of gametes between paired protozoa of complementary mating types

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What is syngamy or gametogamy?

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Fusion of haploid gametes formed by the organism

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What is regeneration?

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When cut into two, the nucleated portion regenerates

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What is encystment?

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Development into a resting stage called cyst

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3 functions of encystment

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1. Protects against adverse changes in the environment

2. Sites for nuclear reorganization and cell division

3. Serves as a means of transfer between hosts in parasitic species

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What is excystation?

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Escape from the cyst

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4 major groups of protozoans

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1. Flagellated protozoans (mastigophora)

2. Amoeboids

3. Ciliates

4. Sporozoans

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4 flagellated protozoans

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1. Trypanosomes

2. Leishmania

3. Diplomonads

4. Trichomonas

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Examples of trypanosomes

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T. brucei gambiense

T. brucei rhodesiense (African sleeping sickness)

T. cruzi (Chagas' disease)

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Example of leishmania

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Leishmania donovanni (KALA-AZAR)

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Example of diplomonads

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Giardia lamblia (water-borne diarrhea) (Traveller's diarrhea)

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Examples of trichomonas

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1. T. hominis (causes diarrhea)

2. T. vaginalis (cause of STD)

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Example of amoeboids

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Entamoeba histolytica (amoebiasis) and Naegleria fowleri (fatal fowm of encephalities)

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2 kinds of nuclei of ciliates protozoa

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1. Macronucleus

2. Micronucleus

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Difference between macro and micronucleus of cilia protozoa

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Macronucleus is polyploid, and involved in production of mRNA for cell growth and function while micronucleus is diploid and concerned with inheritance and sexual reproduction

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Examples of ciliates protozoa

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Paramecium, Didinium nasutum, Balantidium coli

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3 sporozoans

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1. Trophzoite

2. Sporozoite

3. Merozoites

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What are slime molds?

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Microbial eukaryotes that have phenotypic similarity to both fungi and protozoa

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2 slime molds

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1. True slime molds

2. Cellular slime molds

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The amorphous slimy mass of true slime molds

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Plasmodium

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Example of true slime molds

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Physarum

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Example of cellular slime molds

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Dictystelium

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Stage of malaria found in salivary glands of mosquito

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Sporozoids

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3 stages of paroxysms

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1. Cold stage

2. Hot stage

3. Effervescence