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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hyperkalemia on ECG |
Increased T wave height shortened QT interval prolonged PR interval wide QRS complex |
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Coronary perfusion pressure |
CoPP can be measured as the difference between the aortic diastolic pressure and LVEDP, Normal: 60-80 mmHg any drop can result in cardiac ischaemia, |
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Insulin receptor |
insulin - tyrosine kinase to IP3/РКВ • Al adrenergic - G protein-linked to IP3/diacylglycerol (DAG) • B1/B2 adrenergic - G protein-linked to increase cAMP • A2 adrenergic/u opiate - G protein-linked to reduce cAMP • muscarinic receptors - G protein-linked to IP3 or to reduce cAMP (depending on subtype). |
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Insulin receptor |
The insulin receptor is a tyrosine kinase receptor linked to inositol trisphosphate (IP3), which ultimately leads to activation of protein kinase B. Protein kinase B leads to translocation of the glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) receptor to the cell surface membrane, allowing glucose uptake. There is also a reduction in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production via the insulin tyrosine kinase transduction pathway. |
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Fink effect |
The Fink effect is also known as diffusion anoxia, diffusion hypoxia or the second gas effect. It is a factor that influences the partial pressure of oxygen within the alveoli. When a patient is recovering from nitrous oxide anaesthesia, large quantities of this gas diffuse from the blood into the alveoli, diluting the oxygen and carbon dioxide. A large enough decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen will lead to hypoxaemia. |
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Features of anaphylactic reactions |
NOT IgE mediated Can occur after first exposure to antigen Activation of complement without immune complex formation. Mast cell or basophil degranulation is present |
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Equation for osmolarity |
2( Na+K) + urea + glucose |
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Nerve conduction test monitors impulses from which nerves |
Alpha motor neuron |
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Primary polycythemia causes |
JAK 2 mutation |
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Primary polycythemia causes |
JAK 2 mutation |
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Causes for secondary polycythemia |
Mc: ascent to high altitude Raised Erythropoietin Raised HCT |
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Methods to measure TBW |
TBW= 42 L Deuterium oxide and Tritium oxide |
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ICF measurement |
TBW- ECF |
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ICF measurement |
TBW- ECF |
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Interstitial volume |
ECF- plasma volume |
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ICF measurement |
TBW- ECF |
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Interstitial volume |
ECF- plasma volume |
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ICF measurement |
TBW- ECF ICF= 28!L |
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ECF composition |
14 litres total 10 L: interstitial 4-5 L: plasma 0-1 L: trans cellular |
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Plasma volume estimation can be done by which dye |
Evans blue dye |
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Plasma volume estimation can be done by which dye |
Evans blue dye |
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ECF volume measurement |
Radiolabelled Bromine Mannitol |
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Delta ratio |
Difference in anion gap/ difference in bicarbonate |
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Renal blood flow calculation from PAH formula |
[PAH] in urine x urine flow rate V (in cc/min)/[PAH] in plasma. |
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Formula to calculate serum osmolality |
2( Na) + glucose+ Urea |
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Distribution of dextrose containing solutions |
Concentrations less than 5%: rapidly metabolised leaving isotonic solution which distributes in all compartments as per distribution. 2/3: ICF, 1/3: ECF Concentrations greater than 5%: Even distribution across all compartments |
