Foundations Exam 2

Front 1

how is diagnosis made

Back 1

gathering information

eight distinct diagnostic categories

each piece plays a significant role in the final diagnosis.

Front 2

the diagnostic process

Back 2

clinical diagnosis

radiographic diagnosis

historical diagnosis

laboratory diagnosis s

microscopic diagnosis

surgical diagnosis

therapeutic diagnosis

differential diagnosis

Front 3

clinical diagnosis

Back 3

diagnosis is derived from the clinical appearance and palpation of the lesion. It is based on color, shape, location and history of the lesion

Front 4

radiographic diagnosis

Back 4

radiographs provide sufficient info. to establish the diagnosis

Front 5

historical diagnosis

Back 5

personal history, family history, past and present medical and dental histories, history of drug ingestion, and history of the presenting disease of lesion provides info. needed for the definitive diagnosis

Front 6

laboratory diagnosis

Back 6

lab tests, including blood chemistries and urinalysis, can provide conclusive info. for a definitive diagnosis.

Front 7

microscopic(histologic)diagnosis

Back 7

microscopic evaluation of a biopsy specimen taken from the lesion is often the main component of the definitive diagnosis

Front 8

surgical diagnosis

Back 8

surgical intervention provides conclusive evience of the diagnosis when the lesion is opened.

Front 9

therapeutic diagnosis

Back 9

prescribing therapeutic drugs and observing the results based on clinical and historical information.

Front 10

differential diagnosis

Back 10

a list of possible diseases or lesions that fit the information derived from evaluation of the patient.

Front 11

How do you begin

Back 11

before you can id a lesion or abnormal condition, it is necessarry to have a solid understanding of the basic and dental sciences, such as human anatomy and physiology, histology, and dental anatomy.

Front 12

clinical symptoms

Back 12

described by the patient

Front 13

clinical signs

Back 13

described by the examiner

Front 14

ex. of clinical symptoms

Back 14

pain

throbbing pain and ache

pressure pain

heat

chill

sweating

Front 15

soft tissue lesions

Back 15

macule, papule, nodule, tumor, exophytic, sessile, erosive, erythematous, pedunculated, papillary , vesicle, bullous, pustular, ulcerated, plaque

Front 16

macule

Back 16

an area that is usually distinguished by a color different than that of the surrounding tissue. it is FLAT and does not protrude above the surface of the normal tissues. (freckles)

Front 17

papule

Back 17

a small curcumscribed lesion usually less than 1 cm in diameter that is elevated or protrudes above the surface of normal surrounding tissue.

Front 18

nodule

Back 18

a palpable SOLID lesion up to 1 cm. in diameter found in soft tissue. it can occur above, level with or beneath the skin or mucosal surfaces

Front 19

tumor

Back 19

a solid, raised mass that is LARGER than 1 CM in dieameter and has the dimension of depth. this term also describes a mass consisting of neoplastic cells.

Front 20

exophytic

Back 20

an outwardly growing lesion

Front 21

pedunculated

Back 21

attached by a STEM LIKE OR STALK base similar to that of a mushroom.

Front 22

sessile

Back 22

describing the base of a lesion that is flat or broad instead of stem like

Front 23

papillary

Back 23

describing a small nipple shaped projection or elevation usually found in clusters

Front 24

vesicle

Back 24

a well defined lesion of the skin and mucous membranes that resembles a sac, contains fluid and is less than 1 cm. in diameter

Front 25

bulla

Back 25

a curcumscribed elevated lesion that is MORE THAN 1 cm in diameter and contains serous fluid, and looks like a blister

This is commonly associated with autoimmune diseases

Front 26

pustule

Back 26

variously sized circumscribed elevations containing PUS

Front 27

ulcer

Back 27

loss of surface tissue (epithelial covering) due to a sloughing of necrotic inflammatory tissue.

it can be caused by infection, trauma, abnormal immune reaction, malignancies (cancer)

Front 28

erosion

Back 28

a non healing ulcer

Front 29

fissure

Back 29

a narrow slit of cleft

Front 30

plaque

Back 30

an area with a flat surface and raised edges

if white = leukoplakia

Front 31

petechia

Back 31

little red spots on the slkin or mucous membrant, ranging in size from pinpoint to several millimeters in diameter caused by escape of a small amount of blood.

Front 32

eccymosis

Back 32

large redish blue areas caused by the escape of blood into the tissues, commonly referred to as a brusie. Echymosis do not blanch on diascopy

Front 33

telangiectasia

Back 33

the formation of capillaries near the surface of a tissue. may be a sign of hereditary disorder, alcohol abuse, or malignancy in the region.

Front 34

consistency upon palpation

Back 34

soft, hard, cheesy, fluctuant, rubbery, firm, bony, undurated

Front 35

soft

Back 35

lesion composed of soft tissue

Front 36

hard

Back 36

lesion not easlily penetrated, cut, or seperated into parts; not yielding to pressure; firm; solid; compact

Front 37

cheesy

Back 37

lesions textures is similar to curds of cheese

Front 38

fluctuant

Back 38

a wave like motion that is felt when a fluid containing structure is palpated

Front 39

rubbery

Back 39

lesion resembling rubber; having elasticity

Front 40

firm

Back 40

fixed; closely compressed; compact lesion

Front 41

bony

Back 41

lesion consisting of bone, or of bones; full of bone; pertaining to bone

Front 42

indurated

Back 42

an excessive hardening or firmness

hard borders are common here.

Front 43

color upon inspection

Back 43

erythamatous, blanchin, pigmented, white, yellow

Front 44

erythematous

Back 44

reddish color

Front 45

size

Back 45

mm; cm

size of lesion is best estimated by comparing the lesion with familiar landmarks of known size immediately adjacent to it.

Front 46

variation of normal

Back 46

fordyce granules, tori(palatinus and mandibularis), physiologic pigmentation, leukodemia, lingual varicocities

Front 47

fordyce granules

Back 47

collections of ectopic (out of place) sebaceous glands that occur in various locations within the oral cavity.

Front 48

torus palatinus (tori)

Back 48

an exophytic nodular growth of dense cortical bone located in the midline of the palate

- no need to remove unless patient needs an upper denture.

Front 49

torus mandibularis

Back 49

an exophytic nodular growth of dense cortical bone located in the canine/premolar area of the lingual mandible.

- asymptomatic

Front 50

physiologic melanin pigmentation

Back 50

a normal finding of melanin-containing cells in the gingival tissues of non Caucasians.

Front 51

lingual varicosities

Back 51

prominent, dilated, lingual veins on ventral and lateral surface of teh tongue; asymptomatic, with bilateral symmetry; requires no treatment. Most commonly seen in the elderly

- may be seen in the upper and lower lip

Front 52

leukoedema

Back 52

accumulation of fluid within epithelial cells of the buccal mucosa presented as a grayish or white mucosal lesion

- asymptomatic
- common in non - caucasian
- when you stretch the cheek the color goes away.

Front 53

benign conditions of unknown origin (idiopathic or unknown etiology)

Back 53

fissured tongue, geographic tongue, hairy tongue

Front 54

hairy tongue

Back 54

a relatively rare condition in whith the filiform papillae become elongated resulting in a white, yellow, brown, or black hairy tongue

- the patient may complain of pain
- due to poor tongue hygeine
- brush to make pain go away

Front 55

geographic tongue (migratory glossitis)

Back 55

multiple, occasionaly sensitive, irregularly shaped erythematous patches on the tongue with white rims that enlarge and change shape.

- loss of papillae
- has a distinct white rim
- sores move with time
- to fix it: rinse with salt water or topical steroid, if severe.

Front 56

fissured tongue

Back 56

a rare disorder characterized by grooves or depressions (fissures) on the tongue

- symptoms may occur if they don't clean good enough.

Front 57

radiographic terminology

Back 57

radiolucent, radiopaque and mixed.

Front 58

radiographic shape

Back 58

unilocular ; multilocular

Front 59

If margin of radiograph is well defined then

Back 59

it is likely a slow growing lesion

Front 60

if the margin of a radiograph is poorly defined (moth eaten?)

Back 60

may ID malignancy or rapid growing infection.

Front 61

unilocular

Back 61

a term used to describe a radiograph appearance of a single, rounded compartment or locule.

Front 62

multiolocular (honeycomb)

Back 62

a term used to describe a radiographic appearance of multiple, rounded campartments of locules. These can appear as soap bubbles or honeycomb like.

Front 63

other radiographic terminology

Back 63

root resorption - breakdown or destruction of root structure.

scalloping - fluted border

ground glass - fine radiopaque spots in radiolucent background

expansile (cortical expansion) - capable of being extended or expanded

punched out radiolucency - small areas of radiolucency.