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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is coxa vara? |
femoral neck shaft is angled inward (neck in relation to the shaft of femur. i.e. in the frontal plane) |
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what is coxa valga |
Femoral neck shaft is angled outward (neck in relation to the shaft of femur. i.e. in the frontal plane) |
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what is antetorsion? |
femoral neck rotated forward relative to femoral condyles (can lead to toe-in) |
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what is retroversion? |
femoral neck is rotated posterior relative to femoral condyles (can lead to toe out) |
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what is internal tibial torsion? |
distal aspect of the tibia is rotated medially compared to proximal end -with patellas pointing straight ahead, the foot tibia and foot distally are turned inward
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what is genu varum? |
knees are lateral in relation to the ankle ("bow legged") |
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what is genu valgus? |
knees are medial in relation to the ankle ("knock kneed") |
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what is equinus? |
the toe is in a down position DF limitation of the ankle (PF contracture or tight achilles/gastroc) |
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what is calcaneous? |
heel is in the down position PF limitation of the ankle |
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what is talipes equinovarus |
ankle and foot are down and in ("club foot") |
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what is pes cavus? |
high arched or supinated foot |
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what is pes planus? |
low arched foot, pronated ("flat feet") |
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what is valgus heel? |
rearfoot is deviated toward the outside resulting in pronated heel |
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what is hallux valgus? |
the first metatarsal has an abduction deformity ("bunion") |
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Where are the forces in a first class lever system? |
fulcrum/axis is between force and the resistance -designed for balance
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what is an example in the human body of a 1st class lever system? |
-head sitting in first cervical vertebra, moving up and down -facet joints of the spine |
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where are the forces in a second class lever? |
axis is at one end and resistance is in middle with force at opposite end -used for power
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what are examples of second class levers? |
-closed chain PF (e.g. heel raises) = 2nd class lever -wheel barrow |
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what is a third class lever? |
axis is at one end and force in middle -resistance at other end -most common lever in human body -advantage is for range of motion |
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what are examples of 3rd class levers? |
elbow flexion and knee flexion |
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what level is the superior angle of the scapula? |
T2 |
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what level is the spine of the scapula? |
T3 |
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what level is the inferior angle of the scapula? |
T7 |
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what level is the xiphoid process of the sternum |
T7 |
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what level is the navel, umbilicus/belly button |
T10 |
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what level is the crest of the ilium |
L4 |
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what level is the PSIS? |
S2 |
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where should a plumb line fall for static posture in standing? |
throught the external meatus, the acromion process and the hip joint posterior to the patella (but anterior to knee joint) anterior to lateral malleolus |
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What is arthrokinematic? |
the movement between joint surfaces -roll -slide -spin |
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what is an arthrokinematic roll and example in human body? |
one joint surface is rolling on another joint surface -ex: between the femoral and the tibial articular surfaces of the knee |
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what is an arthrokinematic slide and example from human body? |
one joint surface is gliding on another -ex: movement of proximal phalanx at the head of the metacarpal bone of the hand -non human ex: braked-wheel skids on pavement |
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what is an arthrokinematic spin and example from human body? |
rotation of the moveable components of a joint ex: between the radial head and the humerus |
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What is osteokinematics? |
movement between two bones |
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What is the alternative name for type I fibers? |
slow twitch |
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what is general alternative name for type II fibers? |
fast twitch (FT) |
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Describe type I mm fibers. |
red oxidative fibers -allow for aerobic work and muscular endurance -resistant to fatigue -contract slowly -highly efficient for aerobic activities |
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Describe Type II fibers |
Fast Twitch glycolytic white fibers -anaerobic -decr capillary density/vascularity compared to Type I -incr speed of contraction -incr force production -larger in diameter -used for speed, strength, and power 3 subcategories 1. Type IIA (Fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic [FOG]) 2. Type IIAB 3. Type IIB (Fast-twitch glycolytic [FG]) -these differ mainly in regards to endurance and are classified as intermediate fiber types with both an aerobic and anaerobic capacity |
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what is the recruitment of muscle fiber types during strength training programs determined by? |
recruitment is a function of: 1). the size of the motor unit -(size principle: motor units are recruited from small to large (type I tend to be in smaller motor units/ innervated by smaller motor neurons) -motor unit: somatic motor neuron and the mm fibers it innervates 2). intensity of force production (larger force = more motor unit recruited) |
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what is the order of recruitment of muscle fibers during contraction? |
1. Slow-twitch oxidative (Type I) 2. Fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic (Type IIA) 3. Fast-twitch AB (FTAB) 4. Fast-twitch glycolytic (Type IIB) |
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Describe the overall function difference between type I and type II? |
Type I: postural/tonic Type II: phasic/ mobility |
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what type of muscles is type I and type II most common? |
type I: extensor mms type II: flexor muscles |
