Introduction To Linguistics - Mod. 1 & 1.2 (Major.ling.1)

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1. It is the scientific study of LANGUAGE and its structure.

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LINGUISTICS

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2.1 Languages have 4 characteristics, namely:

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Verbal Communication

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2.2 Language have 4 characteristics, namely:

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Linguistic Communication

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2.3 Language have 4 characteristics, namely:

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Mental process

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2.4 Language have 4 characteristics, namely:

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Culture-shaped

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3. It is the arrangement of sound and symbols; production of sounds. It is innate to humans.

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Verbal Communication

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4. It has linguistic structures composed of a system of symbols, grammar, syntactic categories (parts of speech) to form meaning.

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Linguistic Communication

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5. Language is a form of human intelligence. What a man says is reflective of his/her thinking and how his brain works.

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Mental process

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6. It is intertwined with culture.

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Culture-shaped

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7. It is a complex and structured communication system with specific grammar, syntax, and the ability to convey abstract concepts.

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Language

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8. It comprises signals to convey meaning. It is an aspect of language, studied under proxemics and paralinguistics.

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Non-verbal communication

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9. It is complex with grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and even variations (American, British, Australian)

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Sign Language

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10. What are the four Language Views?

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- Structuralist

- Transformationalist

- Functionalist

- Interactionist

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11. System of systems, building blocks, patterns, arbitrary

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Structuralist

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12. Innate, universal, creative, mental

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Transformationalist

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13. Exchanging information, practical, use language, functions, notions

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Functionalist

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14. Interpersonal relationships

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Interactionist

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15. It is generally the case that there is no natural connection between a linguistic form and its meaning.

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Arbitrariness

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16. However, the instance that language is not arbitrary is with ________________ as there is a clear connection between the word and its meaning.

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Onomatopoeia

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17. We acquire a language in a culture with other speakers and not from parental genes. This process whereby language is passed on from one generation to the next is called _______________

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Cultural Transmission

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18. These are individuals who, for various reasons, have grown up with limited or no human contact during their critical period of language development.

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Feral children

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19. The sounds we use in language are meaningfully distinct.

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Discreteness

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20. Human language can communicate about things that are absent as easily as about things that are present.

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Displacement

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21. Language is always changing through the addition of neologisms, new words or old words with new meaning, and the creation of slang. It is always changing, evolving, and adapting to the needs of its users.

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Dynamic

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22. Language users manipulate their linguistic resources to produce new expressions and new sentences without limitations.

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Productivity

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23. It is possible to write down spoken language and read aloud the written material.

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Transference

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24. This distinguishes six elements, or factors of communication, that are necessary for communication to occur.

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Jakobson's Model of the Functions of Language

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25. Provides contextual information.

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Context - Referencial Function

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26. It involves diction, the art of choosing words, and aesthetics.

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Message - Poetic Function

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27. It involves interjection; expressions of emotional state.

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Sender/Addresser - Emotive Function

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28. It involves command, demand, imperatives.

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Receiver/Addressee - Conative Function

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29. It provides the keys to open, maintain, verify or close the communication channel.

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Contact - Phatic Function

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30. To use language to describe it.

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Code - Metalingual function

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31. What are the Jakobson's Model of the Functions of Language?

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1. Context - Referential Function

2. Message - Poetic Function 3. Addresser (sender) - Emotive Function 4. Addressee (receiver) - Conative Function 5. Contact - Phatic Function 6. Code - Metalingual Function

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32. What function is this?

"Oh wow! That looks so lovely!"

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Emotive Function

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33. What function is this?

"At home, early in the morning, with family."

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Referential Function

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34. What function is this?

"I see. Hmmmm."

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Phatic Function

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35. What function is this?

"Roses are red, violets are blue, love never crossed my mind till the day I met you."

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Poetic Function

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36. What function is this?

"Come here. I’ll show my eggplant to you."

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Conative Function

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37. What function is this?

"Ahhh is an interjection."

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Metalingual Function

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38. It is the scientific study of the human language.

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Linguistics

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39.1 What are the two broad fields of linguistics?

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Macro-linguistics

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39.2 What are the two broad fields of linguistics?

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Micro-linguistics

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40. This is called theoretical linguistics or general linguistics.

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Micro-linguistics

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41. What are the 6 linguistic subfields under micro-linguistics?

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Phonology, phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.

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42. ___________ is the study of the way sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived by human beings.

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Phonetics

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43. Phonetics is further divided into three different branches, what are these?

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1. Articulatory phonetics

2. Acoustic phonetics

3. Auditory phonetics

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44. This deals with the study of perpetual response to speech sounds as mediated byear, auditory nerve and brain.

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Auditory phonetics

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45. This deals with the study of articulation of speech sounds.

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Articulatory phonetics

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46. This studies the physical properties of sounds as transmitted from mouth to air and then received by ear drum.

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Acoustic phonetics

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47. _____________ is the study of how sounds are arranged in each language as organized units of speech.

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Phonology

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48. ______________ deals with the forms of words, use of words and construction of words by small letters.

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Morphology

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49. Morphology is divided into two further branches, what are these?

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Inflectional morphology andDerivational morphology

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50. It focuses on studying the structure of meaning of words and making a sentence that is meaningful.

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Semantics

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51. _____________ also deals with the meaning of language but it focuses on meaning in context rather than individual word meanings.

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Pragmatics

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52. This is the study of phrase construction, clauses and sentences in a language.

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Syntax

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53. It is concerned with how a language is acquired or used and how it relates to society as a whole.

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Macro-linguistics

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54. It focuses on the application of language in daily life.

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Macro-linguistics

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55. Principal concerns of ________ linguistics include: how and why language changes, changes in particular languages, etymology, history of speech communities etc.

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Historical Linguistics

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Diachronic Linguistics

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56. This is the study of differences and similarities between languages.

Particularly it focuses on the comparison of related languages.

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Comparative Linguistics

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57. It is the branch of linguistics that deals with the effect of society on a language.

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Sociolinguistics

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It has strong connections with anthropology, culture, and sociology.

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58. Its domain is concerned with how language is represented and processed in the brain.

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Psycholinguistics

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It deals with the study of the mental aspects of language and speech.

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59. ________ deals with the study of how language is represented in the brain, how and where a brain stores knowledge of a language that we speak.

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Neurolinguistics

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It focuses on whathappens in our brains as we acquire a language, and whathappens as we put this knowledge into practice.

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60. It is the study of the relationship between language and culture that usually refers to work on languages that have no written records.

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Anthropological Linguistics

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No written records.

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61. This investigate the evolutionary processes that led to the development of language in humans.

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Biolinguistics

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Studying the emergence oflanguage in the context of human evolution.

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62. It is concerned with the rule-based modeling.

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Computational Linguistics

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63. __________ linguistics focuses on the relationship between languageand cognition, emphasizing conceptual structures and cognitive processes.

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Cognitive Linguistics

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64. This is an interdisciplinary field of linguistics that deals with the study and interpretation of style and tones in both written and spoken language.

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Stylistics

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65. This is the study of word origin, and it tells the story of how each word joins a language to express meaning.

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Etymology

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66. BF Skinner, believe that for language learning to occur, imitation, drills and constant practice are very important.

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Behaviorism

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67. Noam Chomsky proposed this Language model, known as __________

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Nativism/Innatism

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68. Chomsky hypothesized that humans must be born with ________ or _ _ _ in their brain which is the reason why children can acquire language quickly.

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Language Acquisition Device or LAD

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69. A set of rules which we called ________ _______ or mental grammar which allows us to ‘feel’ unconsciously whether or not our utterance or sentence is well-formed.

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Universal Grammar

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70. "Humans in general, or children have the inclination to acquire a language, they may never reach their full language potential without the support from their social environment."

Which Language Model does this description belong to?

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Interactionism

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71. In the Monitor Model, which Affective filter is ideal?

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Low affective filter

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72. In the student's current knowledge, which input should it be?

A. +1 Comprehensible input

B. -1 Comprehensible input

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A. +1 Comprehensible input

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73. There are 3 Monitor Hypotheses, which user is more preferable?

A. Over user

B. Optimal user

C. Under user

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B. Optimal User

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74. Who coined the term "Communicative Competence"?

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Dell Hymes

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75. What are the 4 Communicative Competence?

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- Discourse Competence

- Strategic Competence

- Grammatical Competence

- Socio-Linguistic Competence

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76. Cohesion and coherence of various types/genres of oral and written communication.

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Discourse Competence

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77. Verbal and non-verbal strategies to compensate for breakdown.

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Strategic Competence

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78. This includes the acquisition of phonological rules, morphological words, syntactic rules, semantic rules and lexical items.

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Linguistic Competence

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79. Area of communicative competence which is used to ask for clarification and repair miscommunication.

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Strategic Competence

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80. This refers to the learning of the pragmatic aspect of various speech acts, namely, the cultural values, norms.

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Sociolinguistic Competence

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81. Refers to the interpretation of individual message elements in terms of their interconnectedness.

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Discourse Competence

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82. This approach is a linguistic distinction that describes and analyzes language according to how people verbally use it. It emphasizes on recounting language as it is used and conventionally understood, not by how it has to be constructed.

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Descriptive

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83. It focuses on mental grammar and how it affects the structure of words in a sentence.

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Descriptive

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84. The correct way of the structural arrangement of the words in the sentence. It is an approach based on what is considered to be structurally correct and accurate as determined by the group of academics.

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Prescriptive

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85. It completely disregard of how the language community speaks.

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Prescriptive

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86. When language is studied at a particular time or a certain time in history.

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Synchronic

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87. Focuses on language development through time.

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Diachronic

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88. When studying the language structures or when exploring how words are combined.

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Synchronic

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89. It involves exploring how historical events affect the language.

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Diachronic

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90. Which comes first?

Diachronic or Synchronic?

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Synchronic linguistics comes first before Diachronic.

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91. The intangible linguistic scheme used by all the members of a speech community.

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Langue

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92. The concretization of language through actual use.

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Parole

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93. It refers to the set of rules and patterns which people need to follow.

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Langue

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94. It is the speaker’s knowledge of the grammatical rules of language.

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Competence

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95. It is the actual use of language and application of the grammatical rules.

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Performance

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96. Which perspective is this?

"Across different languages, stupid is a vulgar expression but its severity varies."

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Etic Perspective

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97. Which perspective is this?

"Gaga, baghak and linti are vulgar expressions in Hiligaynon but when translated to English, they may lose their severity."

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Emic Perspective

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98. It is an approach that investigates how people think, see, and categorize the meaning based on their practices, their rules and behaviors, and how they imagine things.

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Emic Perspective

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99. It is the approach to language study that denotes the description of a particular language or language culture that is generally objective in perspective and non structural.

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Etic Perspective

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100. True or False?

"Therefore, if speech is primary, writing is secondary."

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True!