Foue K1&2

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they are gathered in the wild,

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Natural

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they have links with the culture of native people;

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indigenous

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they can be removed from forests without inflicting too much damage on the ecosystem;

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environment- friendly

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Because of their valuable medicinal and wellness-promoting uses.

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healthy

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 It refers to all good of biological origin, as well as services, derived from the forest or any under similar use, and exclude wood in all its forms.

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Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFPs)

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 The term “all goods of biological origin” could mean all plants and animals, and parts thereof, both raw and processed, for as long as they originate from these living things.

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NWFPs

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it excludes wood in all its forms hence, wood fuel, charcoal, driftwood, branches and the like would not form part of NWFPs.

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NWFPs

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 Other materials that can be sourced from the forest but are non-biological in origin are excluded from NWFPs such as rocks, stones, pebbles, and soil and fossil formations.

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NWFPs

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include foods (nuts, fruits, mushrooms, honey, game, gums); food additives (spices, herbs, flavorings, sweeteners); fodder; fibers (furniture, clothing, construction); fragrances for perfumes; ornamental pods and seeds; resins; oils; plant and animal products with medicinal value.

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NWFPs

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Includes all forest products except timber

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Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs

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it is also known as minor forest products because they are of minor economic significance compared to timber.

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Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs

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defined as “timber, pulpwood, firewood, bark, tree tops, resin, gums, and wood oils, honey, bees wax, nipa, rattan and other forest growth such as grass, shrub and flowering plants, the associated water, fish, game, scenic, historical, recreational, and geologic resources in the forest.

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Forest products

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revised forestry code of the Philippines

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PD 705

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include all the items listed except timber and pulpwood”.

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Minor forest products

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 Are any products or service other than timber that is produced in forests. They include fruits and nuts, vegetables, fish and game, medicinal plants, resins, essences and a range of barks and fibers such as bamboo, rattans, and a host of other palms and grasses.

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Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)

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NWFPs generally occur in upland areas where slope is 18% or greater. Other related ecosystems are those in the low-lying areas with the vegetation that are not normally cultivated such as those in mangrove areas or other coastal ecosystems.

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Supply and Distribution of NWFPs

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Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFPs) in the Market

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almaciga resin or copal, anahaw leaves, bamboo, buri, midribs, elemi hinggiw, honey, nipa shingles, diliman and other vines, salago bark, split and unsplit rattan, and tanbark.

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List of NWFPs by category

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Food Forage Pharmaceuticals Toxins Aromatics Industrial chemical and Biochemical Fiber Ornamentals

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Foods products

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Nuts – Porazil nuts, walnuts, chestnuts Fruit- Ging ko Edible fungi – movels and mushrooms Vegetable – Bamboo shoots Starch – Sago Birds’ nests Oils Mapple sugar

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Spices condiments and culinary herbs

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Nutmeg Cinnamon Cardamon Bay Leaves Oregano

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Industrial plant oils and waxes

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Tung oil,

reem oil,

candle,

lumbang oil

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Plant gums

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Gums for food use Technological grade gum

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Oleoresin

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Pine oleoresin

copal,

dammar,

amber

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Fibers

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: Bambo,

rattan

, raffia,

cook,

broom and grasses

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Flosses

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Kapok or silk cotton

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Vegetable tanning materials

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Quebracho

Mimosa

Catha or cutch

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Incensewood

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Sandalwood

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LAtex

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Natural rubber

, gutta percha

, chicle

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Essential oils

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Ilang ilang

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Plant insecticides

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Pyrethrum

Derris

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Miscellaneous product

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Bitel nuts,

bidi leaves

, lacquer

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Medicinal plants

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Taxus sp.

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Wild, domesticated, semi-domesticated plants, usable weeds, fungi, etc; and their edible roots, tubers, bulbs, stems, leaves, shoots, flowers, fruits, seeds, etc.; to provide cereals vegetables, edible fats and oils, spices and flavoring, salt substitutes, Sweeteners, meat tenderizers, beverages and thirst quenchers.

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Food

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Food for livestock and wildlife

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Forage

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Drugs, anesthetics, ointment, lotions, purgatives, for both human and itinerary use

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Pharmaceuticals

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For hunting, ordeal poisons, hallucinogens, pesticides, fungicides

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Toxins

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Essential oils for cosmetics/perfume, incense

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Aromatics

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Non-edible fats and oils, naval stovea, waxes, gums, latex, dyes, tannins, biochemical for plastics and coatings, paints and varnish industries

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Industrial chemical and Biochemical

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Cloth, matting, cordage, basketry, broom, stuffing for pillows and cook

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Fiber

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Synthetically pleasing plants for horticultural and amenity planting as well as cut and dried-flower trades

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Ornamentals

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Foods products

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Nuts – Porazil nuts, walnuts, chestnuts Fruit- Ging ko Edible fungi – movels and mushrooms Vegetable – Bamboo shoots Starch – Sago Birds’ nests Oils Mapple sugar

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Spices condiments and culinary herbs

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Nutmeg Cinnamon Cardamon Bay Leaves Oregano

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Industrial plant oils and waxes

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Tung oil, reem oil, candle, lumbang oil

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Plant gums

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Gums for food use Technological grade gum

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Natural pigments

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Annato seeds, logwood

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Oleoresin

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Pine oleoresin, copal, dammar, amber

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Fibers and flosses

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Fibers: Bambo, rattan, raffia, cook, broom and grasses Flosses: Kapok or silk cottons

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Vegetable tanning materials

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Quebracho, mimosa, Catha/cutch

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Latex

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Natural rubber, gutta percha, chicle

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Incense wood

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Sandal wood

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Essential oils

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Ilang ilang

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Plant insecticides

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Pyrethrum, derris

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Medicinal plants

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Taxeus SP.

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Miscellaneous product

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Bitel nuts, bidi leaves, lacquer

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. List of NWFPs by category

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Food Forage Pharmaceuticals

Toxins Aromatics Industrial chemical and Biochemical Fiber Ornamentals

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Commercially-Important NWFPs

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Foods products Spices condiments and culinary herbs

Industrial plant oils and waxes Plant gums Natural pigments Oleoresin Fibers and flosses Vegetable tanning materials Latex Incense wood Essential oils Plant insecticides Wild Plants Medicinal plants Miscellaneous product

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Seven (7) categories of NWFPs in the Philippines

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1. Sources of fiber and structural materials 2. Plants producing medicinal and cosmetic products 3. Plants that yield extractive or chemical products 4. Sources of essential oils 5. Sources of seed oils 6. Those providing edible fruits and nuts 7. Animal – derived products

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This category includes forest products other than timber that can be used as wood substitutes for building houses, making furniture, and in fabricating farming and fishing tools, carpentry tools/works, as well as toys and musical instrument

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I. Plant Sources of structural materials and Fiber Products

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important product derived from plant materials

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Paper

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I. Plant Sources of structural materials and Fiber Products

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Bamboo

Rattan

Runo

Forest vines

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Rattan belonging to the genus?

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a.) Daemonorop

and Calamus.

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Calamus species are the following

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1. Palasan 2. Limunan 3. Tagiktik 4. Sika 5. Sika-sika 6. Tumalim 7. Malacca cane 8. Tandulang gubat 9. Biri 10. Arurig

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Daemonorops species are the following

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1. Ditaan 2. Rogman 3. Sumulid

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Other important palms

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buri, nipa, anahaw, and ambolong

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“Tree” with over a Hundred Uses

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Bamboo

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It is often referred to as “poor man’s timber” that belongs to the Graminae family

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Bamboo

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tallest member of the grass family.

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Bamboo

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bamboos are morphologically as sympodial or clump farming such as the Bambusa,

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Packymorph

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considered as monopodial or non-clump forming such as the species of the Geneva Arundinaria, Phyllostachys and Sasa.

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Dendrocalamus and Gigantochloa heptomorphs

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How many bamboos are endemic

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Twenty one (21) out of the 62 bamboo

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Bamboo climbers

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13

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Bamboo erect

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8

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9 species of bambbo

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1. Kawayan tinik - 2. Bayog 3. Bolo - 4. Buho - 5. Kawayan killing 6. Giant bamboo 7. Kayali 8. Anos 9. Laak

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1. good raw material for bamboo parquets and laminated products like tables, chairs, and doors

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Kawayan tinik

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1. popular for boat makers too, especially to be used as outriggers. Farmers are also using Bayog for arched yoke for their carabaos and ropes to tie farm produce.

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Bayog

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1. The stems are used as pipes for temporary water supplies, as they are usually long and straight, and for building fish traps.

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Bolo

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1. making of bamboo matting known as “sawali”. Also baskets, flutes & handicrafts

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Buho

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Is a grass whose leaves are very similar to talahib.

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Runo (Miscanthus simensis Anders

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It grows will in the Cordillera Mountain and is widely used in Northern Philippine for housing construction and in making export quality handicraft products such as trays baskets, hanging ornamentals, and frames. It can also be used for fencing, walls, flooring materials, curtains or window blinds.

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Runo (Miscanthus simensis Anders

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Is a plant whose stem requires support and climbs by tendrils or twining, or creeps along the ground.

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Forest Vines

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Vines or climbers produce long but flexible stem that make them suitable for novelty items that are popular in market for native products.

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Forest Vines

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Some vines include

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nito, kilob and hinggiw, other vines such as hagnaya or diliman (Stenochlaena palustris (burm.) Beald) and baling – uai (Flagellaria indica L.) are used as tying materials by the rural population.

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Interest in this group is due to the various uses that these plants offer especially in making products that enable the rural communities to earn a living, either as a main source of livelihood or additional sources of income from farming, fishing or other forms of employment.

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Plant Sources of Leaf Fibers

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Plant Sources of Leaf Fibers are:

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pandan, tikog, tiger grass, buri, anahaw, ambolong and nipa.

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Herbs, Shrubs or Trees that Produce Stem or Bast Fiber

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Bamban- Donax cannasformis (Forst) K. Schum

Salago (Wikstroemia species)

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The stem, either solid or split is widely used for weaving mats, hats, baskets, bag and other handicraft items.

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Bamban- Donax cannasformis (Forst) K. Schum

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The stem is also used for fish traps, hats and the skin for tying nipa shingles. A root decoction is reported to be effective against snakebites and other forms of blood poisoning.

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Bamban- Donax cannasformis

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Where bamban is used to scare snakes.

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Bicol

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The juice of crushed roots is used to cure an-an (Tinia flava) and other fungus infections. The juice from curled-dry leaves is used to treat sore eyes.

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Bamban- Donax cannasformis

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used for tying and making ropes the plant is sometimes called “money tree” because fibers extracted from its bark are exported to other countries like japan and used in the manufacture of currency, bank notes and other specially papers.

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Salago

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NIRPROMP

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National Institute for Research and Production of Medicinal Plants

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PCHRD-DOST)

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Philippine Council for Health Research and Development of the Department of Science and Technology

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I. Plants producing medicinal and cosmetic products

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1. Acapulko (Cassia alata L. syn. Senna elata (L.) Roxb.) 2. Ampalaya (Momordica charantia L. var. Makiling) 3. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) 4. Guava – (Psidium guajava L.) 5. Lagundi (Vitex negundo L.) 6. Niog-niogan (Quisqualis indica L.) 7. Pansit-pansitan (Peperonia pellucida (L.) HBK) 8. Sambong (Blumea balsamitera (L.) DC) 9. Tsaang gubat – (Carmona retusa (Vahl) Masam) 10. Yerba Buena (Mentha cordifolia Opiz.)

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Some of the more common forest-based Philippine medicinal plants are described below:

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Lagundi (Vitex negundo)

2.Sambong- (Blumea balsamira

3. Acapulko (Cassia alata)

4.Niog-niogan (Quipalis indica

5.Tsaang gubat (Carmona retusa (Vahl.) Masam.

6.Bangkoro or Noni (Morinda citrifolia

7.Balanoy (Ocimum basilicum

8.Gogo (Entada rheedii

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Boiled bark and leaves produce decoction claimed to be effective as anti-gastralgic.

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Lagundi

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The leaves are used in aromatic bath, as insectifuge and for the treatment of head ached if applied to the forehead. Boiled seeds are eaten and the water taken internally to prevent the spread of poison from bite of poisonous animals or used externally in disinfecting wounds.

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Lagundi

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The seeds make a cooling medicine for skin diseases, leprosy, and for inflammation of the mouth.

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Lagundi

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The roots are used as a cure for colds, the leaves are applied to the forehead to relive headache

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Sambong- (Blurua balsamira

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An infusion is used as a bath for women after childbirth.

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Sambong

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decoction of the leaves is used as anti-gastralgic and for acomatic baths to cure rheumatism.

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Sambong

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used skin diseases such as Kupes, ringworm, athletes foots and an-an

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Acapulko ( Cassia alata)

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A strong decoction from the leaves is said to be a abortifacient

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Acapulko

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It is used for the treatment of cough. Its fruit is also prescribed for use as a vermifuge.

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4.Niog-niogan (Quipalis indica L

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A decoction from the leaves can be used to treat stomach pain and tympanites (Kabag in Tagalog).

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5.Tsaang gubat (Carmona retusa

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A decoction from the roots can be used to lower blood pressure

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6.Bangkoro or Noni (Morinda citrifolia

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The leaves are used for aromatic baths to cure rheumatic pains and paralysis.

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7.Balanoy (Ocimum basilicum L.)

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The leaves can also be used to relieve pain as well as to treat external inflammation, skin diseases, indigestion, and fracture.

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6.Bangkoro or Noni (Morinda citrifolia

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It is commonly used as shampoo by rural folks. Ste

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8.Gogo (Entada rheedii Spiengel

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for domestic use and for export has made Manila famous.

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Resin Producing Plants

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Manila copal?

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Almaciga

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Manila elemi

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Pili (Canarium ovatum

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Naval store?

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Pine

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Balau

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Apitong group of Dipterocarps

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Dammar

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Hopea and shorea.

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used for construction, boxes, flooring, ceilings, panelling, joinery, furniture, poles and mine props. It is also suitable for ship and boat building, agricultural implements, turnery, veneer, plywood and railway sleepers. It is used for the manufacture of high-quality particle board, and its use as a pulpwood is increasing. The wood is used as fuelwood, for the production of charcoal and for torches.

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Benguet pine (Pinus Kesiya Royle ex Gordon)

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1. the wood it can be used for pulp and paper, furniture, fancy panels as well as for light construction materials.

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Mindoro pine (Pinus merkusii

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Refer to resinova products obtained from conifers such as the pines

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Naval store

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the natural product that exudes from the pine tree due to natural or man-made injury as when tapping the tree.

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Oleoresin

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Dark, sticky residues from the distillation of turpentine

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Pitch

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It is the main source of the resin commercially known as “Manila copal”. It is also used in making patent leather, sealing wax and soap.

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Almaciga (Agathis philippineses

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main source of resin commercially known as “Manila elemi” or “brea blanca” a soft resin from the pilaui-tree (Canarium luzonicum).

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Canarium species

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the term applied to a variety of resinous products obtained from different countries and having different botanical origins.

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Elemi

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produce a type of resin called balau

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The Apitong group of Dipterocarp

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is a thick fluid alen fresh but hardens to a semi-plantic consistency after long exposure

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Balau

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It is locally used as illuminant, for caulking boats, as varnish and sometimes as disinfectant.

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Balau

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water-extractable materials from certain plants that convert animal hide into leather. They are characterized by an astringent taste and the ability to form colored solutions

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Tannin

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Tannins have 2 general categories

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. Condensed tannins – Hydrolysable tannins-

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Polyflavonoids

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Condensed tannins

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1. formed as enters of the phenolic ellagic and certain sugars

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Hydrolysable tannins

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serve as barrier to the entry of bacteria and fungi into plants.

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Tannin

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the major sources of tannin in the Philippines

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Mangrove species

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Mangrove species has been the major sources of tannin in the Philippines such

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Banato, Busain, Kamachile, Siar and Tangel

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solids consisting of mixtures of polysaccharides which are either water soluble or insoluble in oils or organic solvent

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Gums

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The solid mixtures are often complex, which on hydrolysis yield simple sugars such as arabinose, galactose, mannose and glucaramic acid.

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Gums

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fluid usually milky white in color, which consists of tiny droplets of organic matter suspended or dispersed in an agueous medium

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Latex

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produced by exudation usually from the stem of a tuse but in few cases from the roots.

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Gums

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most important latex

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Rubber from para rubber

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exude gutta-percha.

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Palaguium species

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Some of the gums and latex producing plant species in the Philippines are the following:

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• Lisid- Chonemorpha elastic Merr. Family Apocynaceae • Dugtong ahas – Parameria burbata (Blume) Family Apocynaceae • Anonang – Cardia dichotoma Forst. Family Boraginaceae • Binunga – Macaranga tanarius L. Family Euphorbiaceae • Katurai – Secbania grandiflora L. Family Leguminosae • Anubing – Artocarfius ovatus Blanco Family Moraceae • Antipolo – Artocarpia blacoi (Elm) neer Family Moraceae

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Is the latex produced by many species of the Sapotaceae family

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Gutta percha

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is ecagulum which is non-elastic becomes plastic when heated but certain its shape when cooled.

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Gutta percha

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It changes little when vulcanized and used as electrical insulation in submarine and underground electrical and communication cables because it has excellent insulating properties which are retained under water.

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Gutta percha

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IV. Plants Producing Essential Oils

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Ilang ilang (Cananga odorata)

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin)

Vertiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides)

Aroma (acacia farnesiana)

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the flowers are made into leis and garlands which serve as a source of livelihood in some communities in Laguna, Bulacan and Pampamga.

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1. Ilang-ilang (Cananga odorata

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The flowers are sources of two types of essential oils

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Ilang ilang oil

Cananga oil

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the fruit portion of the distillate which is extensively used in high class perfumery and cosmetics

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Ilang ilang oil

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the remainder of the distillate which is used in cheap perfumery and for scenting soaps.

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Cananga oil

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It is believed to have sedative effect on the nervous system, alleviating anxiety, tension, shock, trauma, fear and panic. It can be used in vapor therapy to relieve problems associated with high blood pressure, rapid breathing and heartbeat, insomnia, depression and stress.

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Cananga oil

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Substitute for viagra

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Ilang ilang

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obtained from the leaves is an important component of expensive perfumes. It is known world-wide as “oil of patchouli”.

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Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin)

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The oil blends well with other essential oils like vetiver, sandalwood, paranium and lavender. Fresh patchouli leaves when crushed with gogo and lemon grass are used as shampoo.

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Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin

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The oil obtained from the roots is known as “vetiver” or “cuscus”.

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Vetiver Grass or Moras (Vetiveria zizanioides

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It is used as a major constituent and fixative of high grade perfumes and for blending in cosmetics and soap industry.

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Vetiver Grass or Moras (Vetiveria zizanioides

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makes the odors of perfumes less volatile and more lasting.

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Fixative

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considered excellent for aromatheraphy, with claims that the oil helps maintain emotional equilibrium, and enables people affected with trauma handle their anxiety and mental flashbacks.

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Vetiver oil

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used in Indonesia for making fragrant mats.

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roots of vetivers

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In the Philippines and India the roots are woven into expensive fragrant-smelling fans sold and ?

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sandal root fans

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It is widely used as a bioengineering or vegetative erosion control measure for slope stabilization for landscaping as firebreaks and as boundaries between farms.

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Vetiver Grass or Moras (Vetiveria zizanioides

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grown for its flowers which produce fragrant oil known as “oil of cassie”

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4. Aroma (Acacia farnesiana

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The perfume processed from the oil has a fine odor resembling that of violets. It is used in preparing handkerchief bouquets and pomade.

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4. Aroma (Acacia farnesiana

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. Plant Producing Seed Oils

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1. Bani (Pongamia pinnata

2. Bitaog (Calophyllum inophyllum

3. Hanga or Petroleum nut (Pittosporum vesiniferum

4. Lumbang (Aleurites moluccana

5. Talisay (Terminalia catappa

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being widely cultivated in the Philippines for biochesel production

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Tubang bakod (Jatropha curcas

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being popularized for the plant to promote its potential as a source of fuel.

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“tubang gatong

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Other seed oil leasing forest plants that are being investigated for their potential as source of biofuel

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bitaog (Callophyllum inophyllum

bani (Pongamia pinnata

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A part from its use for illumination. The oil can also be used as a substitute for keroseme and for lubrication

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1. Bani (Pongamia pinnata

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The tree reaches an adult height in 4-5 years, and begins to bear fruits in 4-7 year. Each tree in claimed to yield between 9-90 kg. of seeds and assuming 100 trees per hectare, this could mean 900 to 9000kg of seeds per hectare. In India, millers extract 24-27.5% oil from the seeds while village-level practitioners, get 18-22% oi.

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1. Bani (Pongamia pinnata

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seed is used for illumination

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2. Bitaog (Calophyllum inophyllum

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It is excellent for making soap and varnishes. It has also medicinal value. In India, it is used as natural remedy for skin disease and rheumatism.

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2. Bitaog (Calophyllum inophyllum

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the fresh nuts are pressed, placed in bamboo tubes and lighted as torch that produces sooty flame.

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3. Hanga or Petroleum nut (Pittosporum vesiniferum

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drying oil similar to linseed oil and Chinese wood oil. It is used in making paints, vernishes, soap and as polishing material.

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4. Lumbang (Aleurites moluccana

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The seed contains about 50% oil known in trade as “Catappa oil”. The oil is also used for medicinal purposes. The kernel is edible while its bark yields a brown dye.

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5. Talisay (Terminalia catappa

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Other seed oils

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braieng trees are botong (Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Keerz), and putat (Barringtonia vacemosa (L.) Blume.

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VI. Plants Sources of Edible Fruits and Seeds

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1. Bignai-Antidisma bunius (L.) Spring - 2. Datilea – Muntingia calabura L. 3. Kaong – Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Wevr.-

4. Kamansi – Artocarpus altilis

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The fruit is used for making wine.

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Bignai-Antidisma bunius

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Prepared as a fruit presume and is an important ingredient in making halo-halo.

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Kaong – Arenga pinnata

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Young shoot or “ubod” can be eaten raw or cooked and makes a fine salad. The starch from the main stem can be extracted and make into sago but this requires cutting the entire plant.

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Kaong – Arenga pinnata

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It's fiber is known as ____ and is used for rope making.

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3. Kaong – Arenga pinnata

Kabo negro

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The stiff fibers can also be used for making hair and house brushes. The fibers have high durable in salt water.

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3. Kaong – Arenga pinnata

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The fruit is made into a sweet delicacy. Its cultivation is increasing because of its multiple uses.

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Kamansi – Artocarpus altilis