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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Basal Body
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A eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets
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Cell Theory
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The theory that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells.
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Cell Wall
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A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists
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cellular metabolism
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The chemical activities of cells.
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central vacuole
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A membrane-enclosed sac occupying most of the interior of a mature plant cell, having diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development.
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centriole
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A structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 and 0 pattern. An animal usually has a centrosome with a pair of centrioles involved in cell division.
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chloroplast
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An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic molecules (sugars) from carbon dioxide and water.
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chromatin
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The complex of DNA and proteins that constitutes eukaryotic chromosomes
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chromosome
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A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis
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cilia
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A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two single microtubules covered by the cell's plasma membrane.
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crista
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(plural, cristae) An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion in which is embedded the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.
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cytoplasm
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Everything inside a cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
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cytoskeleton
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A network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell
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electron microscope
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An instrument that focuses an electron beam through, or onto the surface of, a specimen. An electron microscope achieves a hundredfold greater resolution than a light microscope.
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endomembrane system
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A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.
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endoplasmic reticulum
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An extensive membranous network in a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions. See also rough ER
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endosymbiosis
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A process by which the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells probably evolved from symbiotic associations between small prokaryotic cells living inside larger cells.
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eukaryotic cell
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A type of cell that has a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles. All organisms except bacteria and archaea are composed of eukaryotic cells.
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extracellular matrix
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A substance in which the cells of an animal tissue are embedded
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flagellum
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(plural, flagella) A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. The flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in both structure and function. Like cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules covered by the cell's plasma membrane.
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glycoprotein
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A macromolecule consisting of one or more polypeptides linked to short chains of sugars.
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golgi apparatus
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An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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granum
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(plural, grana) A stack of hollow disks formed of thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast. Grana are the sites where light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis.
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integrins
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A transmembrane protein that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton.
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intermediate filament
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An intermediate-sized protein fiber that is one of the three main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments are ropelike, made of fibrous proteins.
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intermembrane space
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One of the two fluid-filled internal compartments of the mitochondrion. The intermembrane space is the narrow region between the inner and outer membranes.
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light microscope
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An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images and project them into a viewer's eye or onto photographic film.
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lysosome
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A digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells
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microfilament
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The thinnest of the three main kinds of protein fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell
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micrograph
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A photograph taken through a microscope.
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microtubule
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The thickest of the three main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell
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mitochondrial matrix
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The fluid contained within the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.
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mitochondrion
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(plural, mitochondria) An organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs. Enclosed by two concentric membranes, it is where most of the cell's ATP is made.
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nuclear envelope
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A double membrane, perforated with pores, which encloses the nucleus and separates it from the rest of the eukaryotic cell.
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nucleoid
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A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
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nucleolus
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A structure within the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell where ribosomal RNA is made and assembled with proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make ribosomal subunits.
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nucleus
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(plural, nuclei) (1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell.
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organelle
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A membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell.
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peroxisome
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An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.
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plasma membrane
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The membrane that sets a cell off from its surroundings and acts as a selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell
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plasmodesma
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(plural, plasmodesmata) An open channel in a plant cell wall through which strands of cytoplasm connect from adjacent cells.
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prokaryotic cell
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A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles
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ribosome
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A cell structure consisting of RNA and protein organized into two subunits and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. The ribosomal subunits are constructed in the nucleolus.
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
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A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm. Rough ER membranes are studded with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins.
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scanning electron microscope
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A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the surface architecture of a cell or other specimen.
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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A network of interconnected membranous tubules in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes.
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stroma
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The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane
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thylakoid
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One of a number of disk-shaped membranous sacs inside a chloroplast. Thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll and the enzymes of the light reactions of photosynthesis. A stack of thylakoids is called a granum.
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transmission electron microscope
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A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly sectioned specimens.
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transport vesicle
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A tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell. The vesicle buds from the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi and eventually fuses with another membranous organelle or the plasma membrane, releasing its contents.
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vacuole
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A membrane-enclosed sac that is part of the endomembrane system of a eukaryotic cell, having diverse functions.
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vesicle
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A sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell.
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