Fitness Theory Test

Front 1

Latissimus Dorsi

Back 1

Origin, spinous processes of lower five or six thoracic and the lumbar vertebrae, median ridge of sacrum, and outer lip of iliac crest; insertion, with teres major into posterior lip of bicipital groove of humerus; action, adducts arm, rotates it medially, and extends it; nerve supply, thoracodorsal.

Front 2

Trapezius

Back 2

medial third of superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of seventh cervical and the thoracic vertebrae and corresponding supraspinous ligaments; insertion, lateral third of posterior surface of clavicle, anterior side of acromion, and upper and medial border of the spine of the scapula; action, when scapulae are fixed, portions of muscle can act independently: cervical portion elevates scapula, thoracic portion contributes to depression of scapula; upper and lowermost portions act simultaneously to rotate glenoid fossa superiorly; when the entire muscle and especially middle part contracts, the scapulae retract; draws head to one side or backward; nerve supply, motor by accessory, sensory by cervical plexus.

Front 3

Serratus Anterior

Back 3

The serratus anterior is a muscle that originates on the surface of the upper eight ribs at the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula.Action protracts and stabilizes scapula, assists in upward rotation.

Front 4

Erector Spinae

Back 4

The Erector spinæ (or Sacrospinalis in older texts), a bundle of muscles and tendons, and its prolongations in the thoracic and cervical regions, lie in the groove on the side of the vertebral column. extends the vertebral column

Front 5

Deltoids

Back 5

In human anatomy, the deltoid muscle is the muscle forming the rounded contour of the shoulder.

It was previously called the Deltoideus and the name is still used by some anatomists. It is called so because it is in the shape of the Greek letter Delta (triangle). shoulder abduction, flexion and extension

Front 6

rhomboid major

Back 6

The rhomboid major is a muscle on the back that connects the scapula with the vertebrae of the spinal column. Retracts the scapula and rotates it to depress the glenoid cavity. It also fixes the scapula to the thoracic wall.

Front 7

Pectoralis Minor

Back 7

The Pectoralis minor is a thin, triangular muscle, situated at the upper part of the chest, beneath the Pectoralis major.Action It stabilizes the scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against the thoracic wall.

Front 8

Pectoralis major muscle

Back 8

The Pectoralis major (popularly known as pecs) is a thick, fan-shaped muscle, situated at the upper front (anterior) of the chest wall. It makes up the bulk of the chest muscles in the male and lies under the breast in the female. Clavicular head: flexes the humerus
Sternocostal head: extends the humerus. As a whole, adducts and medially rotates the humerus. It also draws the scapula anteriorly and inferiorly.

Front 9

rhomboid minor

Back 9

The Rhomboideus minor arises from the lower part of the ligamentum nuchæ and from the spinous processes of the seventh cervical and first thoracic vertebræ.

It is inserted into the vertebral border (aka the medial border) near the point that it meets the spine of the scapula. It is usually separated from the Rhomboideus major by a slight interval, but the adjacent margins of the two muscles are occasionally united. The Rhomboideus minor is superior to the Rhomboideus major. Retracts the scapula and rotates it to depress the glenoid cavity. It also fixes the scapula to the thoracic wall.

Front 10

Rectus abdominis muscle

Back 10

The rectus abdominis muscle (commonly known as "abs") is a paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the human abdomen (and in some other animals). There are two parallel muscles, separated by a midline band of connective tissue called the linea alba (white line). It extends from the pubic symphysis/pubic crest inferiorly to the xiphisternum/xiphoid process and lower costal cartilages (5-7) superiorly.flexion of trunk/lumbar vertebrae

Front 11

External Obliques

Back 11

The external oblique muscle (of the abdomen) (also external abdominal oblique muscle) is the largest and the most superficial (outermost) of the three flat muscles of the lateral anterior abdomen. Rotates torso

Front 12

Abdominal internal oblique muscle

Back 12

The internal oblique muscle (of the abdomen) is the intermediate muscle of the abdomen, lying just underneath the external oblique and just above (superficial to) the transverse abdominal muscle. Compresses abdomen; unilateral contraction rotates vertebral column to same side.

Front 13

Transversus abdominis muscle

Back 13

The transversus abdominis muscle, also known as the transversalis muscle and transverse abdominal muscle, is a muscle layer of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall which is just deep to (layered below) the internal oblique muscle. It is a major muscle of the functional core of the human body. compresses abdomen

Front 14

Biceps

Back 14

In human anatomy, the biceps brachii is a muscle located on the upper arm. The biceps has several functions, the most important simply being to flex the elbow and to rotate the forearm. flexes elbow and supinates forearm

Front 15

Triceps

Back 15

The triceps brachii muscle is a muscle of the posterior compartment of the upper limb. It is the muscle principally responsible for extension of the elbow joint. It is commonly referred to as the "tricep". extends forearm, caput longum adducts shoulder

Front 16

Iliopsoas

Back 16

The term Iliopsoas refers to the combination of three muscles:

* psoas major
* psoas minor
* iliacus

These muscles are distinct in the abdomen, but in the thigh, they are usually indistinguishable, and so in that context, they are usually given a common name. flexion of hip

Front 17

Gluteus maximus muscle

Back 17

The gluteus maximus is the largest and most superficial of the three gluteal muscles. It makes up a large portion of the shape and appearance of the buttocks. It is a broad and thick fleshy mass of a quadrilateral shape, and forms the prominence of the nates. external rotation and extension of the hip joint, supports the extended knee through the iliotibial tract, chief antigravity muscle in sitting

Front 18

Gluteus medius muscle

Back 18

The gluteus medius, one of the three gluteal muscles, is a broad, thick, radiating muscle, situated on the outer surface of the pelvis.

Its posterior third is covered by the gluteus maximus, its anterior two-thirds by the gluteal aponeurosis, which separates it from the superficial fascia and integument. abduction of the hip; preventing adduction of the hip. Medial rotation of thigh.

Front 19

Gluteus Minimus

Back 19

The gluteus minimus, the smallest of the three gluteal muscles, is situated immediately beneath the gluteus medius.Works in concert with gluteus medius: abduction of the hip; preventing adduction of the hip. Medial rotation of thigh.

Front 20

Biceps femoris muscle

Back 20

The biceps femoris is a muscle of the posterior (the back) thigh. As its name implies, it has two parts, one of which (the long head) forms part of the hamstrings muscle group. flexes knee joint, laterally rotates knee joint (when knee is flexed), extends hip joint (long head only)

Front 21

semitendinosus

Back 21

the semitendinosus is a muscle in the back of the thigh; it is one of the hamstrings.flex knee, extend hip joint

Front 22

semimembranosus

Back 22

The semimembranosus is a muscle in the back of the thigh. It is the most medial of the three hamstring muscles.Hip extension, Knee flexion

Front 23

Rectus Femoris

Back 23

The Rectus femoris muscle is one of the four quadriceps muscles of the human body. (The others are the vastus medialis, the vastus intermedius (deep to the rectus femoris), and the vastus lateralis. All four combine to form the quadriceps tendon, which inserts into the patella and continues as the patellar ligament.) knee extension; hip flexion

Front 24

Vastus Lateralis

Back 24

The Vastus lateralis (Vastus externus) is the largest part of the Quadriceps femoris. It arises by a broad aponeurosis, which is attached to the upper part of the intertrochanteric line, to the anterior and inferior borders of the greater trochanter, to the lateral lip of the gluteal tuberosity, and to the upper half of the lateral lip of the linea aspera; this aponeurosis covers the upper three-fourths of the muscle, and from its deep surface many fibers take origin. Extends and stabilizes knee

Front 25

Vastus Intermedius

Back 25

The Vastus intermedius (Crureus) arises from the front and lateral surfaces of the body of the femur in its upper two-thirds and from the lower part of the lateral intermuscular septum. Its fibers end in a superficial aponeurosis, which forms the deep part of the Quadriceps femoris tendon. [b]extends leg [/b]

Front 26

Vastus Medialis

Back 26

The vastus medialis, often called the 'teardrop' muscle, is a medially located muscle of the quadriceps. extends leg

Front 27

Subscapularis

Back 27

The Subscapularis is a large triangular muscle which fills the subscapular fossa. rotates medially humerus; stabilizes shoulder

Front 28

Infraspinatus

Back 28

The Infraspinatus muscle is a thick triangular muscle, which occupies the chief part of the infraspinatous fossa. Lateral rotation of arm & Abduction of arm and stabilizes humerus

Front 29

Teres minor

Back 29

The Teres minor is a narrow, elongated muscle of the rotator cuff. laterally rotates and adducts the arm

Front 30

Supraspinatus

Back 30

The supraspinatus is a relatively small muscle of the upper limb that takes its name from its origin from the supraspinous fossa superior to the spine of the scapula. It is one of the four rotator cuff muscles and also abducts the arm at the shoulder. The spine of the scapula separates the supraspinatus muscle from the infraspinatus muscle, which originates below the spine. abduction of arm and stabilizes humerus

Front 31

Sartorius

Back 31

The Sartorius muscle is a long thin muscle that runs down the length of the thigh. It is the longest muscle in the human body. Its upper portion forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle.Flexion of knee, Flexion of leg

Front 32

Gastrocnemius

Back 32

In humans, the gastrocnemius (pronounced /ˌgæs.trɑkˈni.mi.əs/) muscle is a very powerful superficial muscle that is in the back part of the lower leg and also called the calf. It runs from its two heads just above the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing, walking, running and jumping. Along with the soleus muscle it forms the calf muscle. plantar flexes foot, flexes knee

Front 33

Soleus

Back 33

is a powerful muscle in the back part of the lower leg (the calf). It runs from just below the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing and walking. It is closely connected to the gastrocnemius muscle and some anatomists consider them to be a single muscle, the triceps surae. Its name is derived from the solefish whose shape it resembles. plantarflexion

Front 34

tibialis anterior

Back 34

the tibialis anterior is a muscle in the shin that spans the length of the tibia. It originates in the upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia and inserts into the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones of the foot. Its acts to dorsiflex and invert the foot.

Front 35

Fibrous joint

Back 35

Fibrous joints are connected by dense connective tissue, consisting mainly of collagen.

Front 36

Gomphosis

Back 36

is a (fibrous) joint between the root of a tooth and the sockets in the maxilla or mandible.

Front 37

Syndesmosis

Back 37

are found between long bones of the body, such as the radius and ulna in forearm and the fibula and tibia in leg. Unlike other fibrous joints, syndesmoses are moveable (amphiarthrodial), albeit not to such degree as synovial joints.

Front 38

Sutures

Back 38

fibrous joints found between bones of the skull. In fetal skulls the sutures are wide to allow slight movement during birth. They later become rigid (synarthrodial).

Front 39

Cartilaginous joint

Back 39

Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline).[1] Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint. An example would be the joint between the manubrium and the sternum. Cartilaginous joints also forms the growth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs of the spinal column.

Front 40

Synovial

Back 40

Synovial joints (or diarthroses, or diarthroidal joints) are the most common and most moveable type of joints in the human body. As with most other joints, synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones.

Structural and functional differences distinguish synovial joints from cartilagenous joints (synchondroses and symphyses) and fibrous joints (sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses). The main structural differences between synovial and fibrous joints is the existence of a capsule surrounding the articulating surfaces of a synovial joint and the presence of lubricating synovial fluid within that capsule.

Front 41

Gliding joints (or planar joints)

Back 41

E.g. The carpals of the wrist

These synovial joints allow a wide variety of movement, but not much distance.

Front 42

Hinge joints

Back 42

E.g. the elbow (between the humerus and the ulna)

These (synovial) joints act like a door hinge, allowing flexion and extension in just one plane.

Front 43

Pivot joints

Back 43

E.G the elbow (between the radius and the ulna)

This (synovial) joint is where one bone rotates about another.

Front 44

Condyloid joints (or ellipsoidal joints)

Back 44

e.g. the wrist

A condyloid (synovial) joint is where two bones fit together with an odd shape (e.g. an ellipse), and one bone is concave, the other convex. Some classifications make a distinction between condyloid and ellipsoid joints.

Front 45

Saddle joints

Back 45

e.g the thumb (between the metacarpal and carpal)

Saddle joints, which resemble a saddle, permit the same movements as the condyloid joints: two bones fit together with an odd shape (e.g. an ellipse), and one bone is concave, the other convex.

Front 46

Ball and socket joints

Back 46

e.g. the shoulder and hip joints These (synovial) joints allow a wide range of movement.

Front 47

6 types of synovial joints:

Back 47

Gliding, hinge, Ball and socket, saddle, condyloid, and pivot

Front 48

Joint Capsule

Back 48

An articular capsule (or joint capsule) is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint.[1]Each capsule consists of two layers:

* an outer layer (stratum fibrosum) composed of white fibrous tissue
* an inner layer (stratum synoviale) which is a secreting layer, and is usually described separately as the synovial membrane.

Front 49

Synovial membrane

Back 49

Synovial membrane (or synovium)[1] is the soft tissue that lines the non-cartilaginous surfaces within joints with cavities (synovial joints). [2]

The word "synovium" comes from a Latin word meaning "with egg," because the synovial fluid in joints that have a cavity between the bearing surfaces is like egg white.

Synovium is very variable but often has two layers.
* The outer layer, or subintima, can be of almost any type: fibrous, fatty or loosely "areolar".
* The inner layer, or intima, consists of a sheet of cells thinner than a piece of paper.

Front 50

Articular Cartilage

Back 50

a.k.a. Hyaline cartilage is a rather hard, translucent material rich in collagen and proteoglycan. It covers the end of bones to form the smooth articular surface of joints. It is also found in the nose, the larynx and between the ribs and the sternum. Bones grow via a hyaline cartilage intermediate, a process called Endochondral ossification.

Front 51

Joint Cavity

Back 51

Most joints in the adult body are diarthroses, or freely movable joints. The singular form is diarthrosis. In this type of joint, the ends of the opposing bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, the articular cartilage, and they are separated by a space called the joint cavity. The components of the joints are enclosed in a dense fibrous joint capsule. The outer layer of the capsule consists of the ligaments that hold the bones together. The inner layer is the synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity for lubrication.

Front 52

ligaments

Back 52

Fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones. They are sometimes called "articular ligaments"[2], "fibrous ligaments", or "true ligaments".

Front 53

Tendons

Back 53

A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone[1] and is capable of withstanding tension. Tendons are similar to ligaments except that ligaments join one bone to another. Tendons and muscles work together and can only exert a pulling force.

Front 54

Femur

Back 54

The femur is the thigh bone. In humans, it is the longest, most voluminous, and strongest bone. The average human femur is 48 centimeters (19 in) in length and 2.34 cm (0.92 in) in diameter and can support up to 30 times the weight of an adult.[1] It forms part of the hip (at the acetabulum) and part of the knee.

Front 55

tibia

Back 55

The tibia is found medial and anterior to the fibula. It is the second-longest bone in the human body, the largest being the femur. The tibia articulates with the femur and patella superiorly, the fibula laterally and with the talus inferiorly.

Front 56

Fibula

Back 56

The fibula or calf bone is a bone located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones, and, in proportion to its length, the most slender of all the long bones. Its upper extremity is small, placed toward the back of the head of the tibia, below the level of the knee-joint, and excluded from the formation of this joint. Its lower extremity inclines a little forward, so as to be on a plane anterior to that of the upper end; it projects below the tibia, and forms the lateral part of the ankle-joint.

Front 57

Pelvic Girdle,

Back 57

The pelvis is the largest bony part of the skeleton. There are three joints, the symphysis pubis (SP), and two sacroiliac joints. A highly durable network of ligaments surrounds these joints giving them tremendous strength.

The pubic symphysis has a fibrocartilage joint which may contain a fluid filled cavity and is avascular; it is supported by the superior and arcuate ligaments. The sacroiliac joints are synovial, but their movement is restricted throughout life and they are progressively obliterated by adhesions. The nature of the bony pelvic ring with its three joints determines that no one joint can move independently of the other two. [7]

Front 58

Vertebrae

Back 58

The Vertebral column (singular: vertebra) are the individual irregular bones that make up the spinal column (aka ischis) — a flexuous and flexible column common to all Vertebrates.

There are normally thirty-three (33) vertebrae in humans, including the five that are fused to form the sacrum (the others are separated by intervertebral discs) and the four coccygeal bones which form the tailbone. The upper three regions comprise the remaining 24, and are grouped under the names cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae) and lumbar (5 vertebrae), according to the regions they occupy.

Front 59

Scapula

Back 59

In anatomy, the scapula, omo, or shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus (arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone).

The scapula forms the posterior part of the shoulder girdle. In humans, it is a flat bone, roughly triangular in shape, placed on a posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage.Movements of the scapula are brought about by scapular muscles:

Elevation, Depression, Protraction, Retraction, Lateral rotation, (Medial rotation)

Front 60

Ribs

Back 60

In vertebrate anatomy, ribs (Latin costae) are the long curved bones which form the ribcage. In most animals, ribs surround the chest (Latin thorax) and protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thorax.The ribcage is separated from the lower abdomen by the thoracic diaphragm which controls breathing. When the diaphragm contracts, the ribcage and thoracic cavity are expanded, reducing intra-thoracic pressure and drawing air into the lungs.

Front 61

skull

Back 61

The skull is a bony structure found in the head of many animals. The skull supports the structures of the face and protects the head against injury.

The skull can be subdivided into two parts: the cranium and the mandible.

Front 62

cranium

Back 62

The cranium is the upper portion of the skull.

Front 63

humerus

Back 63

The humerus is a long bone in the arm or forelimb that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. Anatomically, it connects the scapula and the ulna,

Front 64

radius

Back 64

The radius is the bone of the forearm that extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist. The radius is situated on the lateral side of the ulna, which exceeds it in length and size. It is a long bone, prismatic in form and slightly curved longitudinally. The radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus.

The word "radius" is Latin for "ray." In the context of the radius bone, a ray can be thought of rotating around an axis line extending diagonally from centre of capitulum to the centre of distal ulna.

Front 65

Ulna

Back 65

The ulna (elbow bone) is a long bone, prismatic in form, placed at the medial side of the forearm, parallel with the radius.

Front 66

clavicle

Back 66

the clavicle or collar bone is classified as a long bone that makes up part of the shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle). It receives its name from the Latin clavicula ("little key") because the bone rotates along its axis like a key when the shoulder is abducted. (This movement is palpable with the opposite hand).

Front 67

Plantar flexion

Back 67

Plantar flexion is the movement which increases the angle between the foot and the leg, as when depressing an automobile pedal. The word "Plantar" translates as "toward the sole" ("Planta").

Front 68

stretch reflex

Back 68

A stretch reflex is a muscle contraction in response to stretching within the muscle. It is a monosynaptic reflex which provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length.

Muscle spindles are sensory apparatus sensitive to stretch of the muscle in which they lie.

Front 69

inverse stretch reflex

Back 69

Contained in the tendon of each muscle is the Golgi tendon receptor. This receptor is sensitive to the build up of tension when a muscle is either stretched or contracted. The receptor has a tension threshold that causes the tension to be released when it gets to high. As the Biceps contracts and the threshold is exceeded then a signal is sent to the Biceps causing it to relax. This mechanism prevents damage being done to the Biceps should the weight be to heavy or the movement is to fast.

As the Triceps lengthens the combined effect of the stretching action and the stretch reflex contraction will cause a build up of tension in the Triceps tendon. When the threshold is reached, the receptor will send a message to the Triceps muscle causing it to relax. This will allow the Triceps to be stretched even further.

Front 70

Abduction

Back 70

Abduction, in functional anatomy, is a movement which draws a limb away from the median (Sagittal) plane of the body. It is thus opposed to adduction.