Fish And Wildlife Toxicology Exam 1

Front 1

Latent Inhibitors

Back 1

needs to broken down to 'oxon' form

Front 2

Pesticides pre-WWII

Back 2

- naturally derived or occurring

- strychnine

- thallium

- aresenic

- mercury

- pyrethrum

- lead shot

Front 3

Strychnine

Back 3

used prior to WWII"nux vomica" plant. animal control.

Front 4

Thallium

Back 4

used prior to WWII

rare metal

Front 5

Arsenic

Back 5

used prior to WWII

herbicide and insecticide

copper sulfate--mantarays

Front 6

Mercury

Back 6

used prior to WWII

seed treatment

Front 7

Pyrethrum

Back 7

used prior to WWII

insecticide

Front 8

"Silent Spring" Rachel Carson

Back 8

- pesticides were being overused but shouldn't be banned

- man needs to work with nature: integrated pest management (use ecological and chemical tools)

Front 9

Ghosts of Shrimp Past

Back 9

- ghost shrimp -> mud shrimp -> natives

- caused bioturbation which caused young oysters to sink and suffocate

- permit issued to use aniicloprid on shrimp but was quickly withdrawn

- no public relations prior to release and lack of unity among growers contributed to its withdraw

Front 10

Bioturbation

Back 10

bring sediments to the surface making it a soft surface layer

Front 11

Willipa Bay History

Back 11

- Used herbicides to control spartina which raised the elevation and caused lost of mudflats

- Pesticides for control of burrowing shrimp gave rise to use of carbamates which cause worry for cutthroat trout and crabbing

- Use of imidacloprid (NNI) as an alternative

Front 12

Fenthion

Back 12

OCs -> parathion -> latent -> metabolized-> oxonhigh dermal absorbtion -> used on petscontrols domestic birds (Rid-A-Perch)

Front 13

Carbaryl

Back 13

- AChs Inhibitor

- Plasma Cholinerase: inhibits other chloinestarases (looking at blood samples)

- ACh is not broken down -> tetany -> paralysis -> death

Front 14

Imidacloprid

Back 14

- emulates ACh, binds -> tetany -> paraylsis -> death

- high affinity to nicotinic receptor in invertebrates w. low sensitivity in vertebrates

- poor efficacy, cannot apply enough for it to be effective

Front 15

direct inhibitor

Back 15

already in potent form

Front 16

1960s (The Beginning)

Back 16

- "Silent Spring"

- Usage of organochlorides

- DDT & its metabolites (DDE, DDD) caused eggshell thinning and mortality

FOCUS: Field studies and laboratory confirmation of standardized toxicology tests

Front 17

Dereck Ratacliff

Back 17

discovered eggshell thinning and mortality of birds. weighed egg specimens in museums prior and post WWII.

showed interspecies effects. was tested on chickens who are not effected by DDT

Front 18

1970s (The Legislative Years)

Back 18

- FIFRA: Gave guidelines for pesticide registration and re-registration

FOCUS: Restrictions in use of OCs and development of standardized toxicology tests

Front 19

1970-1992 (Old Paradigm)

Back 19

- lots of money and research

- lab tests -> field studies (manufacturer) -> regulatory decision (regulation lags science)

Front 20

1980s (The Golden Years)

Back 20

- OPs and CBs: acute toxicology, low persistance, no biomagnification

FOCUS: Indicators of exposure, documentation of mortality (plasma, not brains) & reproductive effects

Front 21

Spontaneous Reactivation

Back 21

heat can reverse effects of CBs meaning samples need to be handled with care

Front 22

1990s (The Decline)

Back 22

- change in presidents

- synthetic pyrethroids

- ALAD: blood enzyme, hemoglobin exposure to led biomarker: acute toxicology, persistent, low biomagnification

- EPAs New Paradigm

- OC: Estrogenic Effect

FOCUS: Sublethal & indirect effects and biomarkers

Front 23

1992 -> (New Paradigm)

Back 23

- Linda Fisher memo (EPA didn't feel comfortable w. studies): no field studies = loss of funding

- Lab toxicology -> Exposure Risk Mitigation -> Regulatory Decision -> Targeted Post Regulatory Monitoring

Front 24

2000s (New Directions & Some Old Issues)

Back 24

- Bio-engineering pathogens and resistant crops

- Ecological risk assessment

Front 25

2000s (Litigation Years)

Back 25

- Return of DDT: mosquitos (developing countries) become resistant

- Flame retardants (PBDEs): The Next PCD's

- Genetically-modified organisms (GMOs)

- Nanoparticles

- Pharmaceuticals/PPCPs in surface waters

- Sublethal effects: "Leaps of Faith" and Pious Hopes

- Putting "risk" in risk assessment

FOCUS: Legislative Wars: ESA vs FIFRA vs CWA (Pesticides and Salmon in PNW)

Front 26

2010s (Neonictinoids: The New DDT?)

Back 26

- Legislative Wars continue: pesticides & T&E species, sub-lethal effects, "precautionary principal"

- Phase-out ChE-inhibitors

- Neonicotinoids: Honey-bee 'colony collapse'

- GMOs

- Nanoparticles

- Pharmaceuticals/PPCP's in surface water

FOCUS: neonicotinoids

Front 27

FIFRA

Back 27

biggest toxicology law: pesticides are guilty until proven otherwise

Front 28

FEPCA

Back 28

created from FIFRA: shifted focus from labeling etc., to health & environment

registrant must refute presumption of risk

had the greatest impact on fish & wildlife toxicology

cancellation & suspension

Front 29

Agent Orange

Back 29

- herbicide.

- dioxin: persistent and toxic

- tank mix was never tested (usually only active ingredients) which proved deadly

Front 30

FDCA & FQPA

Back 30

1958 Delancey Cause: Zero tolerance for carcinogens in processed foods

1) Over time, carcinogens were more easily detected

2) Used for food additives

repeal tolerances in raw & processed food but do public health benefits outweigh risks in distribution of food supply

Front 31

TSCA

Back 31

- regulatory counterpart of FIFRA

- all chemicals except pesticides active ingredients (looks at surfactants)

- requires tests on those chemicals that may pose a significant risk or are produced in substantial quantity leading to human or environmental exposure

- INNOCENT UNTIL PROVEN GUILTY

Front 32

CERCLA

Back 32

- super fund: legislative appropriated $ through chemical tax to deal w. toxic waste sites

- congressional appropriation & tax on chemical producers

- reactive to an existing condition (responsible party is not present)

- increase in hazardous sites and increase in backlog

Front 33

Super Fund

Back 33

legislative appropriated $ through chemical tax to deal w. toxic waste sites

Front 34

RCRA

Back 34

- proactive

- "cradle to grave"

- generation, transport, storage, and disposal

- prevents hazardous waste sites

Front 35

CWA (FWPCA)

Back 35

- ammended by Flannery Decree

FOCUS: Restore & maintain the chemical, physical, & biological integrity of the nations waters

Front 36

NPDES

Back 36

- conflicts with FIFRA
- Headwaters (needed NPDES permit&label) vs. Talent Irrigation District (if application isn't intended for surface water) Acrolein

-

Front 37

NEPA

Back 37

- 'magna carta of the environmental movement'

- most significant legislative for environmental movement

Front 38

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)

Back 38

- ensure environmental effects are considered in publicly or privately funding projects

Front 39

SEPA

Back 39

- state equivalent

- Council n Environmental Quality lasting effectiveness because it requires PUBLIC COMMENT

Front 40

CAA & NAAQS

Back 40

- sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide, lead, ozone, particulates, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide

- burning fossil fuels & auto exhaust = smog & acid rain

- international ban on chloroflurocarbons

Front 41

ESA

Back 41

- precautionary principal

- prevent unlawful take of listed species or damage to their critical habitats

- "Section 7" EPA must consult w. USFWS & NMFS concerns associated with chemical use

Front 42

NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service)

Back 42

- deals with anadramous salmon & marine mamals (except sea otters & manatees)

Front 43

UFWS (US Fish & Wildlife Service)

Back 43

- deals with others not including anadramous salmon and marine mammals

Front 44

MBTA

Back 44

- US, Canada, Mexico, and Japan prohibts the take of migration birds except as allowed by each country (USDI & FWS)

- Containment induced mortallity = unlawful take if not permitted

Front 45

Quotient Rule

Back 45

Used by EPA to compare toxicity & environmental exposure

Front 46

Estimated Environmental Concentration (EEC)

Back 46

estimated or measured maximum concentration

Front 47

Toxicology Level of Concern (LCC)

Back 47

Fraction of the LD50 or LC50

Front 48

Birds and Mammals Fraction

Back 48

- non-listed: 1/5

- listed: 1/10

Front 49

Aquatic Inverts & Fish

Back 49

- non-listed: 1/10

- listed: 1/20

Front 50

Weakness of Quotient

Back 50

1) minimal data to predict field effects

2) no formal post registration monitoring

3) does not account for repeated or incremented exposure

4) may not account for differences among species

5) lab tests designed to rank chemicals based on relative toxicity NOT to predict environmental safety

Front 51

Famphur

Back 51

OPs applied as cattle dip, killing magpies and then red-tailed hawks who fed on magpies

Front 52

Fenthion

Back 52

- used as mosquito control

- no effect on blackbirds but on Wilsons phalaropes (because of their long legs)

- is absorbed through skin

Front 53

Old Paradigm (>1992)

Back 53

Lab tox. tests (ID concerns) -> field studies (evaluate data) -> regulatory decision (failure to make decisions)

Front 54

New Paradigm

Back 54

Lab tox. tests (ID concerns) -> Exposure Risk Mitigation (Minimize exposure) -> (if acceptable) Regulatory Decision

Front 55

Anatomy of an Oil Spill

Back 55

Multiple failures led to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

Front 56

Oil Prevention Act (OPA)

Back 56

- Response to Exxon Valdez Spill

- Federal government manages oil spills

Front 57

Eugene Kenaga

Back 57

- Founder for environmental toxicology chemistry

- Created kenaga nomogram

- ASTM -> SETAC

Front 58

Kenaga Nomogram

Back 58

Used to measure potential pesticide residue levels on the food-chain

(left-side: application rate)