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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Bison |
Buffalo |
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Subsistence |
Refers to diet of human foods, ways humans obtain food |
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Hunting and Gathering |
Hunting animals and gathering plants and berries |
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Agriculture |
Plants, but animals can be used by agricultural societies too |
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Social Organization |
Organization of groups (societies) so group activities proceed smoothly |
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Leadership and Government |
Some have no permanent leaders, larger societies always develop leadership |
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Kinship |
How a person identifies his of her blood relatives |
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Matrilocal |
When a man and woman marry, they go to live with the woman's extended family |
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Patrilocal |
When a man and woman marry, they go to live with the man's extended family |
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Patriarchal |
Status and power is controlled by men |
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Patrilineal |
Descent from generation to generation is reckoned through the male line only |
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Matrilineal |
Descent from generation to generation is reckoned through the female line only |
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Bilateral |
Descent from generation to generation is reckoned through both the male and female lines |
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To domesticate |
To adapt a plant or animal for human use |
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Shamanism |
The belief that everything in the world has a spirit and that certain special people can communicat with the spirit world |
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Ethnography |
An organized way of describing the characteristics of a culture |
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Ancestry |
Heritage |
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Insulating |
A warming barrier through which energy cannot escape |
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Soapstone |
A soft stone that has a soapy feel |
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Kayak |
An Inuit canoe consisting of a frame that is covered with the skins except for a small opening in the centre |
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Umiak |
A larger boat covered with hides and propelled by broad paddles |
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Migration |
Movement from one place to another to ensure survival |
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Inukshuk |
Human figures serving as landmarks |
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Sinew |
Connective tissue attached to muscles, used for making tough cord or thread |
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Palisade |
A defensive fence |
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Nuclear Family |
A mother, a father, and their children |
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Cannibal |
One who eats human flesh |
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Extended family |
The people related to the members of the nuclear family (ex. mother's sisteR) |
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Archaeological excavation |
A dig to uncover evidence of former civilizations |
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Hearth |
Fireplace |
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Blind |
An enclosure used to conceal oneself from wildlife for the purpose of hunting |
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Pound |
The pen in which animals were trapped and killed |
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Corral |
A pen to trap the bison |
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Pemmican |
Cake with three main ingredients: ground-up bison (dried), lard, and dried berries. Lasts for months, and is highly nutritious. |
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Jump |
A cliff over which buffalo were enticed to jump |
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To fast |
To abstain from food |
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Initiation |
A ceremony during which one gains new status, such as membership in a select group |
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Dugout |
Made by hollowing out a large log |
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Pit House |
Home built partly underground |
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Rafter |
Beam that supports the roof of a home |
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Semi-subterranean |
Partially underground |
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Edible |
Able to be eaten |
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Landslide |
The Rapid downward movement of ladn on a slope |
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To excavate |
To dig an archaeological site |
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To disperse |
To catter across an area |
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Rank |
Status, position in a group |
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Stand |
Types of trees covering an area |
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Potlatch |
A traditional ceremony practised by many aboriginal peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Potlatch is Chinook, meaning to give. The gifts of a potlatch are payments to those who witness a family ceremony, ex. a marriage. |
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Totem pole |
A large red cedar log that is carved and depicts a family history using crests and designs owned by an individual family - primarily a Northwest Coast tradition |
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Ceremonially |
With dignity, observing the occasion |
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Habitation |
A place to stay |
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Concentration |
The measure of how many people there are relative to the space they occupy |
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Midden |
A heap of garbage, shells, or other debris |
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Bilateral kinship |
Ancestry is reckoned through the mother's and father's families |
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Largest ethnic group in Canada |
Inuit |
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True or False: Inuit groups tend to be large (be able to back up your answer) |
False |
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In winter, temperatures drop below how many degrees in the Arctic? |
Below -30 degrees celsius |
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Inuit - Housing (summer and winter) |
Winter - igloos, Summer - tents (animal hides) |
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How were igloos effective housing units? |
=Snow is a great insulator because it can be packed so tightly. Heat is trapped, and people stay warm. |
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What was Inuit clothing primarily made of, and why? |
Caribou skin, because hair is hollow and forms insulating barrier |
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Describe how Inuit would wear Caribou skin for maximum warmth |
Inner layer had hairs facing outward, outer layer had hairs facing inward |
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How did the Inuit keep their faces warm? |
With low parka hoods lined with fur that nearly obscured the wearer's face. This trapped their breath near the face. |
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What were Inuit boots made from? |
Seal skin and caribou hide |
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What did the Inuit eat? (inland and coastal) |
Inland - caribou and musk-ox, coastal - sea mammals (seal, walrus, whales) all Inuit ate fish |
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Why did the Inuit have to rely on animals? |
Because few to no plants can thrive in the Arctic. |
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Why was the seal especially important to the Inuit? |
Blubber. It provided both energy and protein. |
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What provided a fuel source for the Inuit? |
Animal fat. |
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What lamps did Inuit use? |
Soapstone lamps |
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What were soapstone lamps used, and what were they ineffective for? |
Heat and light, ineffective for cooking (so most food was eaten raw) |
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What source of water did the Inuit have? |
Snow. Would melt it over lamps and drink it |
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Why was little travel possible during Winter in the Arctic? |
Days were too short to go hunting, or do anything really |
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What was the kayak used for? What was the umiak used for? |
Kayak- hunting, umiak - transportation |
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What were the inukshuk used for? Who used them? |
Herding caribou into collected areas where hunters could ambush them, the Inuit used them. |
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Why were caribou so important to the Inuit? |
They were a major source of meat (could last through most of winter), source for winter clothing, sinew used for threat, antlers used for tools |
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What was Inuit society based on? |
Hunting and trading partnerships |
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True or false: the Inuit emphasized matrilineal bonds |
False, the Inuit emphasized patrilineal bonds, but the newlyweds would spend a year with the wife's family so the husband could work alongside the bride's father
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Inuit shared a belief in what? |
The spirit force of the universe nd the need to behave in a certain way in order to ensure existence with nature. |
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To the Inuit, what was a sign of misconduct amongst the community?
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Illness or misfortune |
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What region did the Iroquois and Huron inhabit? |
Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Lowland
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What guarded the towns belonging to the Iroquois? |
Large palisades of logs |
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The Iroquois town was run by a town council which consisted of whom? When did the council meet? |
The chiefs from each family, when a decision about a town matter was needed |
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What five nations were the Iroquois divided into? |
Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, Cayuga, the Mohawk |
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True or false: the Iroquois were in a state of almost perpetual warfare
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True
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What alliance did the Iroquois nations make when they stopped fighting? |
The Confederacy of the Five Nations |
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What's the difference between a legend and a myth? |
A myth explains something about the world, a legend describes the challenges and adventures of a heroic individual |
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Who was the Peacemaker that united all the Iroquois nations? |
Dekanawida |
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What shaman refused to cooperate with the other Iroquois nations? |
Thadodaho |
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What cannibal was sent to convert the unpleasant shaman? |
Ayonhwathah |
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Were Iroquois societies matrilineal or patrilineal? |
Matrilineal. Not only this, but they were matrilocal |
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In Iroquois societies, what were women responsible for? |
Ensuring that crops were well-tended and harvested, and the fields
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In Iroquois society, at the local level each clan or extended family had how many leaders? What were these leaders? |
Two. The civil chief, who directed the normal activities of the clan, and the military chief, who was in charge of settling conflicts with other groups |
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In Iroquois society, who chose the chiefs and had authority to remove the chief? |
The women elders. |
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True or false: the Iroquois were largely democratic |
True |
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When did the Iroquois get introduced to agriculture? |
Around 500 ce |
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The discovery of agriculture led to what for the Iroquois society? |
A rapid increase in village sizes and population |
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When was the early-agricultural period, and list the main identifying facts (Iroquois) |
500-1300 CE, relatively small villages (eight longhouses, 250 people), small fields, two families shared single hearth |
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When was the middle-agricultural period, and list identifying facts (Iroquois)
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1300-1400, villages grew larger, new crops (bean, sunflower, squash, corn), dozen longhouses and 1000 people, larger longhouses |
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When was the late-agricultural period and list the identifying facts |
1400-1600, four hectares or more (each with 2000 plus people), large fields |
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What valuable trade item could the Iroquois exchange with the Huron for non-agricultural products? |
Tobacco
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Where did the Plains people live? |
Interior Plains |
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What animal did the Plains people heavily rely on? |
The bison |
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How was the Plains society organized? |
By the number of people required to operate a bison drive (50-100). This became the basic unit of social organization |
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What did the plains people use bison for? |
Hide was tanned, then used for tipi coverings and robes, horns made into cups and bowls, intenstines made into strong cords (thread, bow strings, bindings), and meat used for food |
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What did the Plains people make out of deer skins? |
Clothing (tunics, leggings, skirts, breechcloths, and moccasins) and used hides not stripped of their fur for winter cloaks and robes |
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What were the two manners buffalo runs would end in? |
1 - buffalo pound (pen large enough to contain part of bison, and as they milled in and around it, hunters would kill them), 2 - buffalo jump (cliff where buffalo would be forced off the edge to their death, survivors were killed) |
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What housing unit did the Plains people use? Why was it ideal? |
The tipi, because it could be set up and taken down quickly, which allowed for a quick chase at the sight of a buffalo herd |
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What kind of wood is a tipi constructed from |
Three birch trunks
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What is the purpose of the Sun Dance? What's an alternative title for it?
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A ritual for young men to prove themselves as warriors, the "Thirsting Dance" |
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When does the Sun Dance take place?
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Summer, right before the buffalo hunt begins |
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What did the one undergoing the Sun Dance have to do? |
Fast for many days, and pierce their chests with bones carved into spears that were attached to strings leading to a pole. They would then lean back until the spear was torn from their chest. There were also dancers, who would continue to dance until the sun dance was over (often for days) with no food or water |
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What did the scar left from the Sun Dance symbolize? |
A badge for the ability to withstand pain |
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What houses did the Plateau People inhabit in the winter? How were they constructed? |
Pit houses, a hole was dug in the ground (generally 6-8 m in diameter) and then rafters were placed overtop the hole and covered in soil and dirt with a hole in the center (for ventilation and as a door) |
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Why were pit houses perfect for the Plateau People?
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Because they suited the environment (thick insulation) and kept all natural disaters or weather out |
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Why did people leave pit houses when spring arrived? |
The houses were nice and warm, but they were also dark and a bit smoky. It was much more enjoyable to live in tents above ground when possible. |
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True or false: Pit houses were discarded after use |
False. They were reused over several winters, but eventually abandoned when the rafters got too close to rotten or when the ground became infested with bugs, rodents, or rattlesnakes. |
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What were staple items Plateau people relied on? |
Salmon, deer and plants (ex. berries, edible roots) |
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How did Plateau People hunt deer? |
Building long fences that led deer into snares or lakes where they were murdered. Dogs were used to drive the deer in |
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What did the wearing of moccasins indicate among the Interior Salish? |
Status |
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True or False: Northwest people were deeply concerned with concepts of inherited rank and priviledge |
True |
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To Northwest Peoples, what did families with higher ranks have the right to? |
Access to resource sites. Wealth relied on their ability to manage resources |
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What did a clan hold the right to? (Northwest Coast) |
Rituals, dances, and certain crests |
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What were potlatches used for
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The outward sign of a noble's status |
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True or false: in Northwest Coast culture slaves were uncommon |
False. |
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Compare Northwest Coast peoples and Coast Salish peoples |
Coast Salish people weren't rigid with social status, poor people could become people of significance, slavery was uncommon, and there were no real chiefs |
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What did Northwest Coast peoples use western red cedar for?
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Totem poles, masks, canoes, houses |
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What did totem poles represent? |
The origin and deeds of a clan |
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Why were ritual dances important to the northwest coast peoples? |
They reminded people of the importance of each clan and communicated legends of each clan. |
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True or false: Northwest Coast canoes weren't very sturdy |
False, they were extremely sturdy and could cross the stormy waters of the ocean. They could hold more than fifty persons or be for individuals only. |
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What other purpose did potlatches serve? |
Redistribution of wealth and food |
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Describe seasonal round (northwest coast peoples) |
Began in winter - people lived in large, permanent villages, little hunting and gathering, people prepared (tools, telling tales) Early spring- food running out, families began to move around (establishing camps) to seek food Early summer- peoples now scattered across region, collected foods (salmon, shellfish, birds, early-ripening plants) Late summer-early fall - salmon run (fraser river) (enough to last people for most of winter) Late autumn - collected indian potatoes and headed to winter villages |
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True or false: although belonging to several different nations, the northwest coast peoples often cooperated with one another |
True |
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Salish people belong to what kind of kinship? |
Bilateral |
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True or false: Salish people cannot marry outside of their own group |
False, they could and could even spend winters in villages of relatives. |