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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the challenges with Heterotrophy?
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At arms race with the food
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What are the challenges with having no cell wall?
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Structure is a problem, and getting rid of waste
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Name the 4 major evolutionary events in animals.
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1. Parazoa vs Eumetazoa
2. Radiatus vs Bilateria 3. Protostomia vs Deuterostomia 4. Lophotrochozoa vs Ecdysozoa |
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What is the difference between Parazoa and Eumetazoa?
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-Parazoa lacked tissue and had no body symmetry.
-Eumetazoa had tissues and symmetry |
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What is the difference between Radiatus and Bilateria?
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-Radial symmetry has mutiple planes and are usually sessile and Dipoblastic
-Bilateral symmetry has one plane with an active lifestyle and are triploblastic(having 3 germ layers e.g. mesoderm) |
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What is the difference between Protostomia and Dueterostomia?
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-Protostome develops the mouth fist and has spiral cleavage with a Mosaic embryo(no twins)
-Deuterostome develops anus first and have radial cleavage with Regulative embryo(can have twins) |
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What is the difference between Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa?
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Lophotrochozoa has a feeding structure(lophophpre) and a larvae structure(Trochophore)
Ecdysozoa sheds its exoskeleton to grow |
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Explain why there was an increase in organisms after the Cambrian explosion(ca 540 mya)?
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Intrinsic(animals) explanation: Development had started to be controlled by regulatory genes(Hox) and, because they were multicellular, they did not need cell-to-cell interactions, which means they could grow bigger.
Extrinsic(environment): The rise of O2. Large animals needed more oxygen to be active. No more ice-age. |
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What are some traits of the Choanozoans?
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They use flagellum to draw water in and trap particles. They are free-swimming and sessile(sometimes forming colonies). They reproduce by fission.
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What clade do Choanozoans and Sponges belong to?
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Opistikonts
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What phylum do metazoans and sponges belong to?
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Porifera
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What are some traits of metazoans?
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They are Parazoan. They dont have tissues, but they do have cellular specialization and have no body symmetry(sponges). They came around in the Precambrian time period(before 540mya).
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What type of lifestyle does a metazoan live?
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They live in aquatic environments and are found at all depths. Some have an endosymbiotic relationship.
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How are Choanozoans and Sponges similar?
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Similar mitochondrial DNA, Nuclear DNA, and Proterostpongia may resemble a common ancestor.
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Describe the body plan of Chanozoans.
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They have a log of cells that pump water in small entrances called Ostia and then out larger entrances calls Oscula. The inner chamber is called a Spongocoel.
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Pinacocyte
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Covers the outer surface of Choanozoans
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Porocyte
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Lines the Ostria and create pores
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Choanocyte
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Pumps water and lines the inner surface of choanozoans
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Archaeocyte
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Amoeboid cells and digest and distribute. They are used as "stem cells". You can create a whole new organism with one.
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Mesohyl
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Intercellular area(between cells). Archaeocytes move in the Mesohyl.
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Asconoid cell type(small)
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Syconoid(medium)
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Leuconoid(large)
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What type of reproduction does a Choanozoan have?
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Can have asexual(budding or fragmentation or gemmules) or sexual where choanocytes or acheocytes create games and shoot them into the water. The larvae(parenchymula) are free-swimming.
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Spongin
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Type of collagen in some Choanozoans
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Where are the skeletons(fibrils of collagen) located in Choanozoans?
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Mesohyl and spicules in some
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Name the three classes of Choanozoans
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1. Calcarea(CaCO3)
2. Demospongia(biggest) 3. Hexactinellida(glass sponges) |
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Name some traits for the class Calcarea.
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They are small and produce CaCO3 for their skeleton(spicules). They have 3 or 4 rays and can have all 3 canal types.
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Name some traits for the class Demospongia.
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Large. They have spongin or silliceous spicules. They only have LEUCONOID canals.
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Name some traits for the class Hexactinellida
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Deep water. Siliceous spicules. They have 6 rays and either LEUCONOID or SYCONOID
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