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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Regarding neurons, which is not true?
e. bipolar neurons are distributed widely throughout the CNS |
Regarding organization of nervous system, which is not true?
d. interneurons connect sensory receptors to the CNS |
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Regarding the neuroglia, the ___cell myelinates axons in nerves, the ___cell is found only in the CNS and the ___ produces CSF
d. Schwann..microglial..ependymal |
Regarding ion channels, whch is true?
b. channels allow only certain specific types of ions to cross the cell membrane |
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Regarding myelin, which is true?
d. in cross section, the myelin sheath microscopically looks like many concentric layers of lipidic membranes |
Regarding graded potentials, which is true?
b. if the membrane potential goes from -70mV to -80mV, that is termed hyperpolarizing |
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Regarding action potentials, which is not true?
d. both action potentials and graded potentials propogate as an all-or-none principle |
Regarding transmission of an action potential, which is true?
b. "A" fibers conduct faster than "C" fibers |
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Regarding chemical synapses, which is true?
d. a&b are correct- voltage gated Ca++ channels are involved in the transmission of a signal AND a (slight) delay is introduced in the circuit. |
Old Mother Hubbard just suffered a laceration of the median nerve...What refers to change that takes place in cell body?
a. chromatolysis |
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Which type of neurglial cell forms the myelin sheath around axons in cranial nerves?
c. Schwann cells |
As we go thru life, new dendrites and axon terminals sprout...What term is used for this capacity of the CNS to change?
b. plasticity |
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What kind of neural circuit consists of a single pre-synaptic neuron synapsing with several post-synaptic neurons?
c. diverging |
If neurotransmitters depolarizes a post-synaptic neuron, it is referred to as?
a. excitatory |
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On which part of the neuron do graded potentials occur?
d. a & b are both correct (a. dendrite and b. cell body) |
Of the types of neuroglia, which is phagocytic?
d. microglia |
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The outermost layer of a Schwann cell contain the cell's cytoplasm and nucleus. What is the name of this layer?
a. neurilemma |
Regarding blood flow to the brain, which is not true?
d. the middle cerebral A. branch of the circle of Willis supplies the brain stem and cerebellum |
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CSF surrounds brain in subarachnoid space. How does it get there?
c. CSF is produced in the ventricular system and it flows out of the ventricles into the SAS at the 4th ventricle |
The___relays sensory input to th cerebral cortex, the___connects the right cerebral cortex with the left and the ___carry descending motor fibers.
b. thalamus..corpus callosum..pyramids |
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Regarding the cerebrum, which is not true?
c. a central sulcus separates the right cerebral hemisphere from the left |
Of what significance is the decussation of the pyramids?
d. it means the right cerebrum controls movements of the left side of the body and vice versa |
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In what part of the brain are the cardiovascular center, respiratory center and centers for swallowing & vomiting?
a. medulla |
What part of brain are red nucleus, substantia nigra....?
a. midbrain |
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Which is associated with blood-brain barrier?
a. astrocytes |
What part of brain has a role in voluntary movement?
a. basal ganglia |
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thalamus
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a. lateral ventricles and b. 3rd ventricle
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To which region of the cerebrum does visual input project, i.e. where is the primary area for vision?
b. occipital pole |
Scrooge McDuck just suffered a large hemmorrhage....which function will he have trouble with?
c. balance and posture |
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What anatomic structure does the hypoglossal nerve (N. 9) innervate?
tongue |
Name innermost layer of meninges?
Pia |
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Name of cranial nerve that innervates the muscles of facial expression?
facial |
Region of intestine indicated by arrow?
Sigmoid colon |
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Name of cranial nerve that supplies the heart, lungs, and most of GI tract?
vagus |
Regarding hypothalamus, which is not true?
a. the hypothalamus is also known as the pineal gland |
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number of cranial nerve that innervates four of the muscles that move the eye as well as the eyelid and pupil?
III |
Where are cell bodies of neurons that bring sensory input to the spinal cord from the skin?
Dorsal root ganglion |
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Name of cranial nerve that carries sensory info from face?
trigeminal |
Name of hormone that increases cellular metabolism and is calorgenic?
T3, T4 |
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Name innermost layer of meninges, covering that is closely adherent to the surface of the cerebrum?
pia |
Why don't we aspirate food into our trachea when we swallow?
the glottis is closed by epiglottis |
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Where in the nervous system are interneurons?
a. in brain and spinal cord |
If a normal 80kg male produces 400ml of CSF, how much?
400 ml |
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Regarding hypothalamus, which is not true?
a. the hypothalamus is also known as the pineal gland |
Regarding the anatomy of the spinal cord, which is not true?
c. the spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the sacrum |
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In the spinal cord, the___ carry only sensory info cephalad, and the ___is where cell bodies for lower motor neurons are located
d. dorsal columns...ventral horns |
Regarding spinal cord and its nerves, which is not true
e. the perineurium is the outermost layer or covering of a spinal nerve |
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The__is a motor tract, but the __ is a sensory tract b/c it__?
b. reticulospinal..spinothalamic..ascends |
Dr. H.E. Hurtzem is doing a lumbar puncture. Where does the needle tip have to be for CSF to flow?
d. in the subarachnoid space |
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Why is there a "cauda equina" in the spinal cord?
b. the spinal nerves continue w/in the spinal cord to where they exit the spine |
What's the orgin of the nerve that innervates the diaphragm?
c. the phrenic nerve, coming from the cervical plexus |
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Which is correct regarding the spinal nerve roots?
c. ventral roots carry motor axons |
Simultaneous contraction of one muscle and relaxation of its antagonist is termed?
b. reciprocal innervation |
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Humpty Dumpty fell and hit his head. What disability does he have?
d. disability? He's dead because he is not breathing |
Which is a motor pathway?
b. tectospinal |
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Daffy Duck has a wrist drop...which nerve isn't functioning?
c. radial |
What region of the spinal cord controls bowel, bladder and sexual function?
b. conus medullaris |
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Name the plexus that give rise to the sciatic nerve?
d. sacral |
Which plexus gives rise to the ulnar nerve?
b. brachial |
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Describe the reflex arc:
monosynaptic |
Old King Cole is in misery? What must be affected?
b. the cauda equina |
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Name muscle innervated by axillary nerve?
deltoid |
Number of cranial nerve that innervates 4 of muscles that move eye as well as eyelid and pupil?
III |
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Name of nerve that innervates the quadriceps muscle?
femerol |
Describe this arc reflex?
d. monosynaptic |
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Nerve that supplies the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle group as well as tibialis anterior and posterior?
sciatic |
Name structure indicated by arrow?
cystic duct |
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when I first walke into a crowded room with a band playing, I can hardly hear people talking
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spinothalamic, trigeminothalamic, dorsal column/medial lemniscus, and both anterior and lateral corticospinals
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receptors transduce the energy of a stimulus into generator potentials
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they monitor the length of a muscle, sending feedback to the CNS
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Regarding the sensory and motor pathways, which is true?
c. the lateral corticospinal tract conveys impulses for fine, precise control of the fingers |
What's an alpha motor neuron?
a. the LMN that innervates extrafusal skeletal M. fibers |
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How is the trigeminothalamic pathway similar to the spinothalamic pathway?
b. in both pathways, the second order neuron's cell body is found more or less at the level of the incoming nerve |
First order neurons are found?
c. in the PNS, bringing sensory data to the CNS |
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Where is trigger zone for unipolar neurons
b. at the junction of dendrite with axon |
What kind of receptor is used to sense pain?
a. free nerve ending |
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Which conveys proprioceptions?
a. the spinocerebellar tract |
The nuclei of which cranial Ns receive impulses from th corticobulbar tract?
d. a& b (a. N's 3, 4, 5 AND b. N's 7, 12) |
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a. in cranials nerves AND b. in spinal nerves
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hippocampus
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How would you classify receptors found in large blood vessels?
b. interoceptors |
The axons of which kind of neurons constitute the medial lemniscus?
b. 2nd order |
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What term refers to the conscious awareness and interpretation of sensory data at corticol level?
d. perception |
Which receptor doesn't belong with the others?
d. Pacinian corpuscle |
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Which of the following structures monitor all voluntary movements...
c. cerebellum |
Regarding the ANS, which is not true?
b. the parasympathetic division extends to all tissues and regions of the body |
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What kind of fibers leave the paraverterbral ganglia by way of the gray rami communicans?
c. unmyelinated "C" fibers |
The adrenal medulla is innervated by?
d. a myelinated "B" fiber and not anything else |
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How does the urinary bladder receive parasym. innervation?
c. by the pelvic splanchic N. from the spinal cord |
In the ANS, the cranial Ns are part of the _____ division and the rami communicantes are part of the ___ division
b. the parasympathetic and the sympathetic |
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Which makes heart beat rapidly and forcefully?
a. the sympathetic division |
Comparing ANS to somatic NS, which is not true
a. the ANS is under cerebral cortical control, as is the somatic NS. |
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Regarding the ANS, which is true?
b. sympathetic fibers can reach their effectors by means of named nerves or by following blood vessels |
Cell bodies of motor neurons of the ANS occur inside ganglia. What kind of neurons have cell bodies in ganglia?
b. postganglionics |
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The preganglionic neuron of the symp. division can do all EXCEPT:
c. it can go out with one cranial Ns to a ganglion and the post-ganglionic fiber then could innervate structures of the face (salivary gland, lacrimal gland, pupil) |
Which is response of sympathetic division?
a. increased heartrate |
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Which of the following is a response of the parasym division?
c. increased GI motility |
What part of the brain controls, regulates or integrates the function of the ANS?
c. hypothalamus |
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Which would be observed in an animal given this substance?
d. the animal would die |
If all sympathetic fibers ascending to the right side of the face are transected, the pupil will be?
b. constricted |
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Which has dual innervation?
c. heart |
The ANS has an efffect on all EXCEPT
c. pectoralis major M |
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Which of the following organs is innervated by the vagus N?
e. lungs |
What is the main concern of the sympathetic division?
a. fight or flight |
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Which are muscarinic receptors?
b. parasympathetic division |
Tommy Tittlemouse what thrown from motorcycle...What results from his injury
d. low BP |
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Which has nicotinic receptors?
d. all of these (a. skeletal m, b. adrenal medulla, c. terminal ganglia) |
Because of a brain tumor, Little Jack Horner...What is his urine like?
b. it is large volume and the solute it contains is very dilute- almost like water |
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b. the BP rises and the blood volume increases
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d. follicle...chromaffin..beta
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How do neurotransmitters compare to hormones?
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e. all of above are true
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Regarding differences between exocrine and endocrine glands, which is true?
b. the pancreas uniquely can be classifed as both exocrine and endocrine gland |
Regarding hormone affects, one is not true?
c. water-soluble hormones circulate in the aqueous fraction of the plasma of blood bound to transport proteins |
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What is primary stimulus for release of glucagon?
b. decreased blood glucose |
Regarding hormones, which is true?
b. when sodium is excreted in urine, water goes out with it |
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H2 is a
c. paracrine |
Gastrin is a
c. hormone |
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a. T3
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hormone synthesized by hypothalamus?
c. TRH |
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Hormone synth. by anterior pit. gland?
a. FSH |
Ovarian follicle dev. requires both estrogen and FSH. If only one is present it is?
c. synergistic |
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Which hormone is lipid soluble?
a. cortisol |
why person with cushings has thin arms?
c. cortisol |
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hormone raises BP?
d. all of these (epinephrine, ADH, angiostensin II) |
Hormone that raises body temp?
T3, T4 |
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Hormone that raises blood calcium level?
PTH |
A certain negative feedback situation involves gland A, its hormone AH, gland b.....what is true?
a. AH stimulates gland B to secrete BH |
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Outermost zone of adrenal cortex, the zona glomerulosa secretes a hormone that is not regulated by the anterior pit. Which hormone?
Aldosterone |
Why is gastric mucosa not burned by gastric juice?
mucus lines stomach lining |
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Two hypothetical hormones, hormone A and hormone B arrive at a certain cell...Why not?
c. the cell has receptors for Hormone A but not for Hormone B |
What kind of epithelium lines the mucosa of the esophagus?
b. non-keratinized stratified squamous |
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What is the uvula?
a. a soft, mucosa-lined structure hangs down from the soft palate |
Gastrin is___that is secreted into the ___but pepsin is____
c. a hormone...blood stream...an enzyme |
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Secretin___, whereas CCK is active on___and both
a. stimulates pancreatic juice...the GB and sphincter of Oddi...derive from small intestine |
Regarding digestion and absorption of food, which is true?
c. bile salts are needed for the digestion and absorption of fats. |
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Regarding anatomy of GI tract, which is not true?
a. the ampulla of Vater opens into the stomach |
Chief cells secrete pepsin, ___ cells secrete mucus,___ cells secrete bile, and ___cells secrete acid
a. goblet...hepatocytes..parietal |
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How is water absorbed from the GI tract?
c. by osmosis |
Which part of the PNS increases secretion and motility of GI tract
e. both a&B (enteric NS, parasymp. NS) |
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Regarding cellular metabolism, which statment is true?
e. all of above |
How are lipids absorbed into body?
c. by way of lacteals and then the blood stream, as chylomicrons |
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Regarding body temp homeostasis, which is not true
c. we conserve heat by cutaneous vasodilation |
Regarding digeston of food which are true?
d. all of these are true |
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Which term describes form of mechanical digestion?
b. mastication |
Little Tommy Tittlemouse swallowed a button battery...Layer of GI tract it comes in contact with?
b. mucosa |
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What is the number of the posterior most tooth in lower jaw on right?
d. #32 |
Peristalsis is a function of which layer of the wall of GI tract?
a. musclaris |
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Which term refers to series of reactions that break down glucose to CO2 in process of yielding ATP?
a. catabolism |
Which reflex slows down gastric emptying?
c. enterogastric |
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Which would not occur during post-absorptive or fasting state?
c. glycogenesis |
Ammonia results from the deammination of?
b. amino acids |
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which of following structures increases absorptive surface of small intestine?
d. all of these |
b. pylorus
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What is energy currency of cell?
d. ATP |
Which breaks down proteins?
e. trypsin |
