Fgcs Genetics Science Test

Front 1

Define Heredity

Back 1

the passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring

Front 2

Define Dominant Trait

Back 2

the trait observed in the first generation when parents with different traits are bred

Front 3

Define Recessive Trait

Back 3

a trait that reappears in the second generation after disappearing in the first generation when parents with different traits are bred

Front 4

What is the difference between cross-pollination and self-pollination?

Back 4

Cross-Pollination

when two flowers are used in the pollination of one. Ones pollen is used to fertilize the other flower.

Self-Pollination

when one flower pollinates itself to create offspring

Front 5

What is the difference between a trait and a characteristic?

Back 5

Characteristic

a feature that has different forms in a population. Ex. hair color, eye color

Trait

the different forms, or colors, of a characteristic. Ex. blue, brown

Front 6

What is blending inheritance?

Back 6

What people used to believe. The concept that the offspring would get the average of the traits of the parents.

Front 7

Define Gene

Back 7

one set of instructions for an inherited trait

Front 8

Define Allele

Back 8

one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color

Front 9

Define Phenotype

Back 9

an organism's appearance or other detectable characteristic

Front 10

Define Genotype

Back 10

the entire genetic makeup of an organism; also the combination of genes for one or more specific traits.

Front 11

What are the three exceptions to Mendel's observations?

Back 11

Some genes affect many traits, some traits are influenced by many genes, and the internal and external environment of the organism.

Front 12

Define Genetic Variation

Back 12

the differences in the sets of alleles between individuals in a population

Front 13

Define True-Breeding

Back 13

When an organism self-pollinates, it's offspring will always have the same traits as the parent.

Front 14

Describe Gregor Mendel's experiments

Back 14

He bred true-breeding peas with for different traits for each characteristic. The first generation plants were all purple. Then he self pollinated the Gen 1 peas and he found that 25% had the recessive trait come back in Gen 2

Front 15

What happens in asexual reproduction?

Back 15

one parent contributes genetic information to its offspring. The offspring has the same genotype as the parent.

Front 16

What happens in sexual reproduction?

Back 16

two parents contribute genetic information to their offspring.

Front 17

Where is genetic information located?

Back 17

chromosomes

Front 18

Define homologous chromosomes

Back 18

chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure

Front 19

Define diploid cell

Back 19

a cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes

Front 20

Define haploid cell

Back 20

describes a cell, nucleus, or organism that has only one set of unpaired chromosomes

Front 21

Name and describe the first step of meiosis

Back 21

Prophase: Nuclear membrane starts to dissolve

Front 22

Name and describe the second step of meiosis

Back 22

Metaphase: After the nuclear membrane is dissolved, the centromeres move to either end of the cell and the chromosomes move to the middle of the cell.

Front 23

Name and describe the third step of meiosis

Back 23

Anaphase: The chromosome splits in two and one of each goes to either side of the cell.

Front 24

Name and describe the fourth step of meiosis

Back 24

Telophase: The nuclear membrane re-forms, and the cell divides.

Front 25

Where is most of the genetic information located in eukaryotic cells?

Back 25

the nucleus

Front 26

Where does the mitochondria come from?

Back 26

the mother of the organism

Front 27

What is DNA made of?

Back 27

subunits called nucleotides

Front 28

What is a nucleotide?

Back 28

consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base

Front 29

What are the 4 bases?

Back 29

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

Front 30

What are Chargaff's rules?

Back 30

the amount of adenine in DNA always equals the amount of thymine, the amount of guanine always equals the amount of cytosine.

Front 31

What is Franklin's discovery?

Back 31

she used x-ray diffraction to make images of DNA. When the x-ray hit the DNA, it would bounce off and made a pattern that showed DNA was spiral shaped.

Front 32

What did Watson and Crick do?

Back 32

Made a model of a DNA strand. As they were making it they found that DNA is shaped like a double-helix.

Front 33

What the sides of the DNA ladder made of?

Back 33

alternating sugar parts and phosphate parts.

Front 34

What are the rungs of the DNA ladder made of?

Back 34

pairs of bases

Front 35

What does the pairing of bases allow the cell to do?

Back 35

make copies of DNA

Front 36

How are DNA copies made?

Back 36

a DNA molecule is split down the middle. The bases on each side of the molecule are used as a pattern for a new strand. As the bases on the original nucleotide are exposed, complementary nucleotides are added.

Front 37

When are copies of DNA made?

Back 37

every time a cell divides

Front 38

Why can large amounts of DNA fit in a cell?

Back 38

because DNA is packaged tightly together by proteins

Front 39

What is this package called?

Back 39

a chromosome

Front 40

How many groups of bases are the codon for a specific amino acid?

Back 40

3

Front 41

What forms a protein?

Back 41

a long string of amino acids

Front 42

What do proteins do for your body?

Back 42

they act as chemical triggers for genotypes and many processes in a cell

Front 43

What helps make proteins?

Back 43

RNA

Front 44

What is different from DNA and RNA?

Back 44

Uracil replaces thymine in RNA

Front 45

Describe step by step how the cell makes proteins.

1

Back 45

a copy is made of one side of the particular DNA segment where a particular gene is located. The copy is transferred to the cytoplasm.

Front 46

2

Back 46

This copy of DNA segment is called mRNA, however, uracil replaces thymine.

Front 47

3

Back 47

the mRNA segment is fed through the ribosome.

Front 48

4

Back 48

molecules of tRNA deliver amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome.

Front 49

5

Back 49

the genetic code determines the order in which amino acids are brought to the ribosome.

Front 50

6

Back 50

the amino acids are joined to make a protein. Usually, one protein is produced for each gene.

Front 51

What is a change in the nucleotide-base sequence called?

Back 51

mutation

Front 52

What is something that causes a mutation called?

Back 52

mutagen