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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Estrogen levels are low/med/high just before the peak of the LH surge? ...
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High. Estrogen switches to positive feedback of LH from negative so both increase.
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Estrogens have what effect on LH secretion? ...
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Complex effects. Early on estrogen has a negative effect that switches to positve just before the LH surge.
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Estrogens have what effect of the follicle? ...
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Estrogens stimulate growth of the follicle
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Failure of brain maturation due to lack of thyroid hormone is known as? ...
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Cretinism
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Finasteride inhibits what step in testosterone metabolism? ...
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Converstion of testosterone to DHT by 5-alpha reductase
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Follicular growth is fastest during what part of the menstrual cycle? ...
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During the second week of the proliferative phase (Days 7-14)
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FSH stimulates what cells in the male? ...
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Sertoli cells (spermatogenesis)
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Hypocalcemia will have what effect on Vit D metabolism? ...
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Decreased Ca2+ will increase PTH which will stimulate the kidney to produce more activated Vit D.
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In addition to peripheral conversion, DHT is also produced in the? ...
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Prostate
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In what organ is Vitamin D3 produced? ...
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The skin. Vit D requires sun exposure (UV light and heat)
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Is testosterone considered to be anabolic or catabolic overall? ...
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Anabolic
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LH levels would be low/med/high at the time of ovulation (Day 14) ...
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Low. The LH surge has already declined
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LH stimulates what cells in the male? ...
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Leydig cells (testosterone synthesis)
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Name the two primary insulin independent organs? ...
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Brain and RBC's take up glucose independent of insulin
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Order the following with the most potent first: testosterone, androstenedione. DHT ...
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DHT > testosterone > androstenedione
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Order the following with the most potent first: estrone, estradiol, estriol. ...
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Estradiol > estrone > estriol
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Phosphate reabsortion in the kidneys is inhibited by what hormone? ...
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PTH
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Progesterone has what effect on body temperature? ...
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Increases body temperature
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Progestorone is used in combination with estrogen for what reason? ...
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To decrease the risk of endometrial cancer associated with unopposed estrogen therapy
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Prolactin has what effect on ovulation? ...
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Prolactin inhibits ovulation by inhibiting the release/synthess of GnRH from the hypothalamus
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PTH causes increased calcium reabsorption in what part of the kidney? ...
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DCT
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PTH is produced by what cell type? ...
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Chief cells of the parathyroid glands
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Sertoli cells stimulate spermatogenesis by producing what 2 factors in response to FSH? ...
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Androgen-binding protein (ABP) - concentrates testosterone in the seminiferous tubules Inhibin - inhibits FSH secretion fro the ant pit
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T/F - Glycolysis is promoted by the thyroid hormones? ...
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False. Thyroid hormones increase blood glucose levels by stimulating glycolgenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
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T/F - PTH stimulates both osteoclasts and osteoblasts? ...
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TRUE
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T/F - Testosterone is the most active androgen in males and females? ...
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False. 5-alpha reductase activates testosterone to DHT which is the most active androgen.
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Testosterone acts as a negative inhibitor on what hormone from the brain? ...
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GnRH
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Testosterone is synthesized in what two locations? ...
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Testis and Adrenal Cortex
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The hormone with the highest concentration during the secretory phase is? ...
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Progesterone
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The key inhibitor of prolactin release is? ...
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Dopamine secreted from the hypothalamus -Bromocriptine (Dopamine agonist has the same effect)
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The parathyroid glands come from what embryonic structures? ...
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The 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches
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The primary estrogen produced by the ovary is? ...
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Estradiol
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The primary estrogen produced by the placenta is? ...
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Estriol
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Thick mucous production is the result of what sex hormone? ...
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Progesterone Decreases sperm entry into the uterus
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Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin results in what disease? ...
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Graves Disease (hyperthyroidism)
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Thyroid hormones acts synergistically with what hormone with respect to bone growth? ...
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GH
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TRH is produced in what region of the brain? ...
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Hypothalamus
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TSH levels in a hypothyroid patient would be? Free T4? ...
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Elevated TSH, Decreased free T4.
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Unlike estrogen, what effect does progesterone have on the myometrium? ...
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Progesterone decreases myometrial excitability to help maintain the pregnancy/facilitate fertilization
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Vit D deficiency in kids cause what disease? Adults? ...
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Rickets in kids Osteomalacia in adults
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What 2 conditions other than pregnancy increase hCG? ...
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Hydatidiform moles in women or choriocarcinoma
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What adrenergic effects do the thyroid hormones have? ...
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Beta-adrenergic effects
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What are the symptoms of menopause? ...
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HAVOC H = Hot flashes AV = Atrophy of the Vagina O = Osteoporosis C = Coronary Artery Disease
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What cells produce calcitonin? ...
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Parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid
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What does an elevated progesterone level indicate? ...
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Ovulation
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What effect do androgens have on growth of long bones ...
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During puberty, testosterone stimulates bone growth but eventually causes closure of the epiphyseal plates
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What effect do estrogens have on the endometrium? Myometrium? ...
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Stimulate endometrial proliferation Increase myometrial excitability
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What effect do estrogens have on the liver? ...
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Increase hepatic synthesis of transport proteins
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What effect do the thyroid hormones have on cardiac output? Heart rate? Contractility? Stroke Volume? Respiratory Rate? ...
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Thyroid hormones increase: CO, HR, SV, contractility, and RR
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What effect does PTH have on bone? ...
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Stimulates bone resorption of calcium.
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What effect does progesterone have on FSH? On LH? ...
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Progesterone is inhibitory to both gonadotrophins
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What effect does progesterone have on the endometrium? ...
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Progesterone stimulates the endometrial glands to become secretory and increases spiral artery development
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What effect does PTH have on bone? ...
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Increases bone resorption of Ca2+ and phosphate
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What effect does thyroid hormone have on lipolysis? ...
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Lipolysis is stimulated
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What effect will low serum phosphate have the kidney? ...
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The kidney will produce more 1-25-OH2 Vit D which will increase phosphate release from bone matrix and increase Ca2+ and phosphate absorption in the GIT
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What enzyme deficiency will produce BOTH hypertension and masculinization of females? ...
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1-Beta hydroxylase deficiency 11-deoxycorticosterone will act as a mineralocorticoid
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What enzyme in the kidney is stimulated that affects vitamin D metabolism? ...
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PTH stimulates 1-alpha-hydroxylase cause increased production of 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D.
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What happens to the corpus lutem if progesterone levels fall without fertilization? ...
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The corpus luteum regresses and menstration occurs
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What happens to the corpus lutem and progesterone levels with fertilization? ...
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The corpus luteum is maintained by hCG acting like LH which maintains both estrogen and progesterone levels.
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What hormonal changes are seen with untreated menopause with respect to estrogen, FSH, LH, GnRH? ...
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Decreased estrogen, Increased FSH (Greatly), Increased LH (No surge), Increased GnRH
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What hormone predominates during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle? ...
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Progesterone
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What is the key regulator of PTH secretion? ...
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Decrease in free serum Ca2+ increases PTH secretion. Increased Ca2+ feedback inhibits PTH secretion.
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What is the key regulator that increases Calcitonin secretion? ...
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Increased serum Ca2+
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What is the most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia? ...
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21-Beta hydroxylase deficiency
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What is the physiologic source of hCG? ...
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The syncytiotrophoblasts of the placenta
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What is the primary organ that converts Vit D to 25-OH Vit D? ...
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Liver
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What is the primary source of androstenedione? ...
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Adrenal glands
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What is the role of calcitonin in normal calcium homeostasis? ...
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Probably not important as PTH which is the primary regulator of calcium homeostasis.
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What is the VERY first molecule in the pathway for the synthesis of Aldosterone? Cortisol? Adrenal androgens? ...
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Cholesterol
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What is thought to be the cause of menopause? ...
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Cessation of estrogen production due to decline in the number of follicles
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What overall effects does PTH have on body electolytes? ...
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PTH increases serum Ca 2+, decreases serum phosphates, increases urine phosphates
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What signal from the body decreases TRH secretion? ...
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Thyroid hormones, T3
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What substance is used by the brain for energy during starvation?
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Ketone bodies
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What will the levels of Ca2+, phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase be in hyperparathyroidism? ...
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Increased Ca2+, decreased phosphate, increased alkaline phosphatase
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What will the levels of Ca2+, phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase be in osteoporosis? ...
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No changes in Ca2+, phosphate, or alkaline phosphatase
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What will the levels of Ca2+, phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase be in Paget's disease of bone? ...
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Alkaline phosphatase increased with normal Ca2+ and phosphate
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What will the levels of Ca2+, phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase be in renal insufficiency? ...
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Decreased Ca2+, increased phosphate, and alkaline phosphates WNL
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What will the levels of Ca2+, phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase be in Vit D intoxication? ...
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Increased Ca2+ and phosphate with alkaline phosphatase WNL
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Which ducts (Mullerian or Wolfian) are promoted by androgens? ...
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Wolfian ducts are differentiated into the internal gonadal structures.
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Why is hCG so useful for detecting pregnancy? ...
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t is detectable in the blood and urine 8 days after successful fertilization.
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Why is hormone replacement therapy used in postmenopausal women? ...
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Decrease hot flashes and decrease bone loss. Decreased risk of heart disease could be on the boards but is no longer true (2001).
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Will most steroids in the blood be bound or unbound? ...
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Bound to specific binding globulins Steroids are lipophilic
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You would expect the body temperature of a patient with hyperthroidism to be? ...
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Elevated Thyroid hormone increases Na/K ATPase activity => increased consumption of O2 => increased temp
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A decrease in PA O2 will have what effect on the pulmonary vasculature? ...
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Causes hypoxic vasoconstriction that shifts blood awayfrom poorly ventilated regions
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A value of infinity for V/Q indicates? ...
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Blood flow obstruction
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A ZERO value for V/Q indicates? ...
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Airway obstruction
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Bicarbonate in the RBC is transported out of the cell in exchange for what ion? ...
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Cl- by a HCO3-/Cl- antiport
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Cor pulmonale is the result of? ...
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Pulmonary hypertension
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Cor pulmonale will lead to what condition of the heart? ...
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Right ventricular failure (jugular venous distention, edema, hepatomegaly)
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Dissociation of CO2 from Hb upon oxygenation in the lungs is known as? ...
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The Haldane effect
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Exercise (increased cardiac output) will have what effect on V/Q to the apex? ...
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The V/Q will approach 1 (from 3) as a result of dilation of vessels in the apex.
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In the apex of the lung, V/Q should be >1, =1, or <1? ...
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V/Q > 1. NL = 3 which indicates wasted ventilation.
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In the base of the lung, V/Q should be >1, =1, or <1? ...
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V/Q < 1. NL = 0.6 which indicates wasted perfusion.
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In the perpheral tissue what factor helps unload oxygen by shifting the curve to the right? ...
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Increased H+ (decreased pH) a.k.a. the Bohr effect
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Increased 2,3-DPG will cause a shift in what direction of the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve? ...
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The curve will shift RIGHT. This allows Hb to release more oxygen
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Increased erythropoietin levels as a response to high altitudes will have what affect on the blood? ...
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Increase hematocrit and Hb
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Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is due to a deficiency of what? ...
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Surfactant (dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, lecithin)
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Perfusion is greatest in what part of the lung?
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Both ventilation and perfusion are greater at the base than at the apex.
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Recurrent TB grows best in what part of the lung? Why? ...
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Apex because of high O2.
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Surfactant role in the lungs is to do what? ...
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Decrease alveolar surface tension
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