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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are some STRUCTURAL and BIOCHEMICAL ADAPTATIONS to ENDURANCE training?
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1. increased number of mitochondria
2. increased number of oxidative enzymes: - citrate synthase (Krebs cycle) - enzymes in fatty acid (beta-oxidation) cycle - enzymes in ETC 3. increased NADH shuttling system into mitochondria |
3 things
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How fast are gained ADAPTATIONS lost with DETRAINING?
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as fast as they were gained
*The beginning of training and detraining is where the largest adaptation occurs. |
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T/F. Once adaptations are met, increased efforts are needed to maintain them.
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FALSE; once adaptations are met, less effort is required to maintain them; HOWEVER, to continue in adaptation, increase load must be applied.
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How long does it take to adapt to manage overloads?
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about 3 weeks into training program
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_________ in training is a more important factor in adaptation that ______.
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Consistency; intensity
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Concerning adaptation in MITOCHONDRIA, how much of the adaptation from training is lost after one week of detraining? after five weeks? How long does it take to regain the adaptations lost in the first week of detraining?
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50%; 100%; it takes 4 weeks of retraining to regain the adaptations lost in the first week of detraining.
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Which MITOCHONDRIAL ENZYME(S) is/are affected by intensity and duration of exercise and therefore, is/are used as a MARKER OF MITOCHONDRIAL OXIDATIVE CAPACITY? How?
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CITRATE SYNTHASE (CS) (*see hint)
- With light to moderate exercise training, an INCREASE of CS is present in high oxidative fibers (type I and IIa). - with heavy exercise training (of animals), an INCREASE of CS is present in low oxidative fibers (type IIb) - no increase in IIx because they are not recruited |
With increased duration, there is an increase in CS activity; even more with higher VO2 max.
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What stimulates mitochondrial ATP production?
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high ADP concentration
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The number of mitochondria increases following aerobic training. How does this relate to ATP production and VO2?
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With an increased number of mitochondria, a lower ADP concentration is need to increase ATP production and VO2. (*see hint)
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before training: 100 units [ADP] --> VO2 = 2L/min
after training: 2 x 50 units [ADP] --> VO2 = 2L/min |
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What are the key to aerobic exercise?
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MITOCHONDRIA
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While the number of mitochondria increase with aerobic training, what decreases with aerobic training?
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1. oxygen deficit is lower following training
2. less lactic acid is formed 3. amount of PC depleted is decreased |
three things
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How is OXYGEN DEFICIT lowered after aerobic training?
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1. at lower [ADP], the same VO2 is reached
2. The energy requirement can be met by oxidative ATP production at the onset of exercise. *Both are due to increased number of mitochondria--oxygen can readily be used (faster rise in the graph) |
2 things
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What are some ADAPTATIONS regarding FFA due to AEROBIC training?
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1. FFA can be better transported from cytoplasm to mitochondria
2. the number of enzymes for beta-oxidation increases 3. FFA oxidation increases |
3 things
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How are FFAs better transported from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria due to aerobic training?
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Because of the increased number of MITOCHONDRIA (more available to be transported to, as well as more available carnitine transferae) and increased CAPILLARY DENSITY (slower blood flow in muscle, so more FFA can be taken into the fibers)
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What is the benefit of an increased number of BETA-OXIDATION ENZYMES?
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This increases the rate of ACETYL CoA formation to be used in the Krebs cycle for energy production.
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What is the benefit of an increase in FFA OXIDATION?
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It spares muscle glycogen and blood glucose to be used by the brain and later in the exercise for more immediate energy.
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How does aerobic training help the body adapt to LACTATE?
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1. It increases cardiac output, which increase blood flow to liver, heart, and other fibers where lactate can be used.
2. It increases the ability to use aerobic energy production pathways, so lactate production is decreased. |
2 things
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