Examkrackers Biology: Lecture 5

Front 1

Exocrine Glands

Back 1

Release enzymes to the external environment through ducts (Ex. sweat glands, oil glands, salivary glands, digestive glands)

Front 2

Endocrine Glands

Back 2

Release hormones into body fluids

Front 3

What are the differences between the Nervous System and the Endocrine System?

Back 3

The Endocrine System is slower, less direct and longer lasting

Front 4

All hormones act by binding to proteins called ___________.

Back 4

Receptor

Front 5

What is the purpose of the Endocrine System?

Back 5

The endocrine system alters metabolic activities, regulates growth and development, and guide reproduction.

Front 6

The three basic types of hormones are:

Back 6

Steroid, Tyrosine, Peptide

Front 7

What are the 6 major peptide hormones that are released by the anterior pituitary?

Back 7

1. Human growth hormone (hGH)
2. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
4. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
5. Leutinizing hormone (LH)
6.Prolactin

Front 8

(hGH) Human growth hormone

Back 8

A peptide that stimulates growth in all cells of the body
hGH stimulates growth by: increasing episodes of mitosis, increasing cell size and rate of protein synthesis, increasing the use of fatty acids for energy, mobilizing fat stores and decreasing the use of glucose

Front 9

(ACTH) Adrenocorticotropin hormone

Back 9

A peptide that stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids (stress hormones) via the second messenger system.
ACTH is stimulated by many types of stress

Front 10

(TSH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Back 10

A peptide that stimulates the release of T3 and T4 via the second messenger system using cAMP. TSH also increasing thyroid cell size, number and the rate of secretion of T3 and T4.

(T3 and T4 have negative feedback release on TSH release)

Front 11

(FHS) Follicle-Stimulating hormone

Back 11

A peptide which stimulates growth of the ovarian follicle including: the developing egg, the cells surrounding the egg that produce the hormones needed to support a pregnancy and the fluid around the egg.

Front 12

(LH) Luteinizing hormone

Back 12

A peptide that help to increase the amount of estrogen produced by the follicle cells.

However, its main function is to cause ovulation

Front 13

Prolactin

Back 13

A peptide that promotes lactation (milk production) by the breasts.

Front 14

What are the two small peptides that are found in the posterior pituitary?

Back 14

1. Oxytocin
2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also called Vasopressin

Front 15

Oxytocin

Back 15

A small peptide that increases uterine contractions during pregnancy and causes milk to be ejected from the breasts

Front 16

(ADH) Antidiuretic hormone (also called Vasopressin)

Back 16

A small peptide hormone that causes the collecting ducts of the kidney to become permeable to water reducing the amount of urine and concentrating the urine.

Since fluid is reabsorbed, ADH also causes increased blood pressure

Front 17

Name and define the two types of steroids secreted by the outer portion of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex?
And name a major example of each.

Back 17

1. Mineral corticoids affect the electrolyte balance in the blood stream. Ex. Aldosterone

2. Glucocorticoids increase blood glucose concentration and have an effect on fat and protein metabolism. Ex. Cortisol

Front 18

Aldosterone

Back 18

A steroid that increases Na+ and Cl- reabsorption and K+ and H+ secretion.

It produces a net gain of particles in the plasma and therefore causes an increase in blood pressure

Secreted by the adrenal cortex

Front 19

Cortisol

Back 19

A steroid that increases blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis (the creation of glucose and glycogen) in the liver

Cortisol also:
-degrades adipose tissue to fatty acids to be used for cellular energy
-causes a moderate decrease in the use of glucose by the cells
-diminishes the capacity of the immune system to fight infection

Secreted by the adrenal cortex

Front 20

Gluconeogenesis

Back 20

The creation of glucose and glycogen, mainly in the liver, from amino acids, glycerol, and/or lactic acid

Front 21

Catecholamines

Back 21

Epinephrine and norepinephrine, vasodilators and vasoconstrictors; act on receptors at the membrane
"fight or light" response

Front 22

T3 &T4

Back 22

Diffuse through the lipid bilayer and act in the nucleus of the cells of their effector; increase basal metabolic rate

Front 23

Calcitonin

Back 23

Builds bone mass by decreasing blood calcium and osteoclast activity and number; released by the thyroid gland

Front 24

Insulin

Back 24

(peptide) Lowers blood glucose levels

Released by beta cells of the pancreas

Front 25

Glucagon

Back 25

(peptide) Raises blood glucose levels

Released by alpha cells of the pancreas

Front 26

PTH

Back 26

Parathyroid hormone (peptide)- Decreases bone mass by increasing blood calcium and increasing osteoclast absorption

Front 27

Peptide hormones

Back 27

Manufactured in the rough ER, transported to the Golgi apparatus and released upon stimulation via exocytosis

Front 28

Steroid hormones

Back 28

Formed in the smooth ER and mitochondria transported to the nucleus and acts at the transcription level

Front 29

Tyrosine derivative hormones

Back 29

Formed by enzymes in the cytosol OR on the rough ER

Front 30

Testosterone

Back 30

The primary androgen (male sex hormone) that stimulates germ cells to become sperm and also attributes to the development of pubic hair, enlargement of larynx, and growth of penis and seminal vesicles

Front 31

Estradiol

Back 31

A steroid hormone that prepares the uterine wall for pregnancy

It's a type of estrogen

Front 32

Luteal Surge

Back 32

Usually estradiol inhibits LH secretion by the anterior pituitary, but just before ovulation, the estradiol levels rise rapidly and dramatically increase LH secretion (this is the luteal surge)

It's a positive feedback loop: high estrogen causes high LH which causes high estrogen

Front 33

Corpus Luteum

Back 33

Secretes estradiol and progesterone throughout pregnancy or, in the case of no pregnancy, for about 2 weeks until the corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

Front 34

What is the difference between an ovum and a zygote?

Back 34

An ovum is the female gamete and a zygote is the fusion of the ovum and sperm (fertilization)

Front 35

Cleavage

Back 35

the series of synchronized mitotic cell divisions of the fertilized egg that results in the formation of the blastomeres and changes the single-celled zygote into a multicellular embryo

Front 36

Morula

Back 36

A zygote comprised of 8 or more cells

Front 37

HCG

Back 37

Human chorionic gonadotropin - prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum and maintains secretion of estrogen and progesterone

Front 38

When is a female said to be pregnant?

What is the first outward sign of pregnancy?

Back 38

1. Upon implantation
2. When HCG appears in the blood and urine

Front 39

Determination

Back 39

The process where a cell becomes committed to a certain developmental path

Front 40

Implantation

Back 40

The process of attachment of the embryo (blastocyte) to the maternal uterine wall (called also nidation)

Front 41

Gastrulation

Back 41

An early metazoan embryo in which the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are established by invagination of the blastula

Front 42

What do ectodermal cells develop into?

Back 42

(In general)
The outer coverings of the body such as:
-The outer layers of skin
-Nails
-Tooth enamel
-Cells of the nervous system
-Sense organs

Front 43

What do mesodermal cells develop into?

Back 43

(In general)
They form:
-Lining of the digestive tract
-liver
-pancreas

Front 44

What do endodermal cells develop into?

Back 44

(In general)
They form:
-Inner and outer coverings of the body
-muscle
-bone
-the rest (what's not formed by the other layers)

Front 45

When does induction occur?

Back 45

When one cell type affects the direction of differentiation of another cell

Front 46

Calcitonin

Back 46

Helps regulate calcium levels in your body and is involved in the process of bone building.

Front 47

Epididymus

Back 47

Where the sperm goes to mature and be stored until ejaculation