Exam1

Front 1

Nature vs. Nurture

Back 1

Genetic predisposition vs. the environment

Front 2

Epigenetics

Back 2

Environmental influence over gene expression

Front 3

Monism

Back 3

Mind & Body are "one"

Bidirectional relationship

Mind is product of brain

Neuroscience supports it

Front 4

Dualism

Back 4

The mind & body are separated

Front 5

Plasticity

Back 5

Consistent changes in behavior can lead to long lasting/permanent changes in the physiology of the organism

Front 6

Consciousness

Back 6

Awareness of and ability to communicate about ones thoughts, perceptions, memories and feelings

Front 7

Phenomena that challenges our understanding of consciousness

Back 7

Blindsight

Unilateral Neglect

Split Brain Surgery

Front 8

Split Brain Operations

Back 8

Corpus callosum is cut to control seizures

No communication between hemispheres

Front 9

Hippocrates

Back 9

Believed the Brain was involved in sensation and intelligence

Front 10

Aristotle

Back 10

Believed the Brain was a cooling apparatus for the blood

Front 11

Galen

Back 11

Deducted that the ventricles of the Brain hose the "humors" fluids

Front 12

"Humors" fluids

Back 12

Are involved in sensations and movement by acting through hollow tubes called nerves

Front 13

Descartes

Back 13

Supported a fluid theory of body movement and proposed the theory of reflexes

Front 14

Galvani

Back 14

Nerves functioned like "wires"

Believed that one nerve processed both sensation and movement

Front 15

Bell & Magendie

Back 15

Discovered there were separate nerves for sensation and movement

Front 16

Muller's Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

Back 16

All neurons say the same thing...(excitation or inhibition) the message that is sent is determined by where the neuron is located

Front 17

Helmholtz

Back 17

Determined that neurons communicated using chemicals

Front 18

Francis Gall: Phrenology

Back 18

Protrusions on the surface of the skull can describe personality strengths

Front 19

Florens: Brain Ablations

Back 19

Systematic removal of brain areas and observing loss of function

Concluded there was no localization of function in the cortex

Front 20

Penfield

Back 20

Claimed to be able to elicit memories by stimulating the cortex of awake patients during surgery

Front 21

Paul Broca

Back 21

Localized Speech Area

Central sulcus

Front 22

Central Nervous System

Back 22

Brain & Spinal Cord

Front 23

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 23

Somatic & Autonomic

Front 24

Somatic

Back 24

Interact with the environment (external)

Front 25

Autonomic

Back 25

Interact inside environment

Sympathetic: "arousal"

Parasympathetic: "calm"

Front 26

Glia cells

Back 26

Most common cells in the Nervous System. Aren't excitable and don't communicate

Front 27

Function of Glia Cells

Back 27

Provide support for neurons (astrocytes)

Structural, nutritional, developmental

Housekeeping (phagocytosis)

Myelinated axons (insulation)

Form the blood brain barrier (toxins out)

Front 28

Sensory Neurons

Back 28

Afferent (you do something)

Front 29

Motor neuron

Back 29

Efferent (allow muscles to contract)

Front 30

Interneuron

Back 30

Sends message (yes or no)

Front 31

Neuron Doctrine

Back 31

Nervous system is made up of discrete cells called neurons. Info is transmitted from cell-cell across the synaptic space

Front 32

Nissil Stain

Back 32

Cell bodies

Front 33

Golgi Stain

Back 33

Stains for cell body & neurites

Front 34

Dendrite

Back 34

Receivers

Front 35

Soma ("cell body")

Back 35

Holds nucleus - dendrites attached to it

Front 36

Axon

Back 36

The conducting fiber

Front 37

Axon Hillock

Back 37

Where the cell body and axon meet & action potential occurs here

Front 38

Terminal Button

Back 38

Communicates w/ neighboring dendrites.

Electrical signals turns into chemical signals

Front 39

Synapse

Back 39

Space between Terminal Buttons & Dendrites

(Communicates w/ neuron A and neuron B)

Front 40

Synaptic Cleft

Back 40

Space

Front 41

Multipolar Neuron

Back 41

1 axon & Many dendrites (multiple inputs)

Front 42

Bipolar Neuron

Back 42

1 axon & 1 dendrite attached to its soma (cell body)

Front 43

Unipolar neuron

Back 43

1 axon attached to its soma

The axon divides, with 1 branch receiving sensory info & the other sending info into the CNS

Front 44

Membrane

Back 44

Structure consisting principally of lipid molecules that defines the outer boundaries of a cell

Front 45

Electrode

Back 45

A conductive medium that can be used to apply electrical stimulation to/or record electrical potentials

Front 46

Microelectrode

Back 46

Very fine, generally used to record activity of individual neurons

Front 47

Oscilloscope

Back 47

Lab instrument capable of displaying a graph of voltage as a function of time on the face of a cathode ray tube

Front 48

Neurites

Back 48

Something coming off of the cell body (soma)

Front 49

2 basic electrical potentials in an axon

Back 49

Resting & Action

Front 50

Resting Potential

Back 50

When a cells not conducting a signal, it's "at rest".

Negative electrical charges fluid on inside surface of membrane not outside

Front 51

What is the membrane potential of a neuron at rest?

Back 51

Approx. -65 mV or -70 mV

Front 52

Action Potential

Back 52

Reversal of Resting Potential Inside of the cell is more positive relative to the outside of the cell

Front 53

Na+ is more concentrated ____ the cell at rest

Back 53

Outside

Front 54

Which direction is Na+ going? (In or out)

Back 54

In

Front 55

K+ is more concentrated ____ the cell at rest

Back 55

Inside

Front 56

Which direction is K+ going? (In or out)

Back 56

Out

Front 57

Cl- is more concentrated ____ of the cell at rest

Back 57

Outside

Front 58

Which direction is Cl- going? (In or out)

Back 58

In

Front 59

Depolarization

Back 59

Membrane Potential becomes more positive than at rest

(Increases)

Front 60

Hyperpolarization

Back 60

Membrane potential becomes more negative than at rest

(Decreases)

Refractory Period

Front 61

Diffusion

Back 61

Movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to region of low concentration

Front 62

Electrostatic Pressure

Back 62

Attractive force between atomic particles.

Opposite signs attract

Same signs repel

Front 63

Ion Channel

Back 63

A specialized protein molecule that permits specific ions to enter or leave the cell

Front 64

Voltage-Dependent Ion Channel

Back 64

Opens or closes according to the value of the membrane potential

Front 65

Chemical-Dependent Ion Channel

Back 65

Opens or closes in response to a chemical binding to the receptor "coupled" to the ion channel

Front 66

Na+/K+ Pump

Back 66

Pumps 2 K+ in the membrane

Pumps 3 Na+ out of membrane

To correct concentration difference & sets everything back to rest

Front 67

Conduction Velocity

Back 67

The speed of propagation of action potentials

Varies with the diameter of the axon

Larger = faster

Front 68

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 68

Small gaps in the insulating myelin sheath

Front 69

Saltatory Conduction

Back 69

The action potential jumps from node to node

Front 70

When neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptor these small proteins are activated

Back 70

G-Proteins

Front 71

Neuromodulator

Back 71

Indirect - binds to metabotropic receptors

Front 72

Postsynaptic Potentials

Back 72

Alterations in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic Neuron, in response to neurotransmitter release at the synapse

Front 73

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP)

Back 73

Na+ channels

Depolarization of the membrane

Front 74

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSP)

Back 74

K+ & Cl- channels

Hyperpolarization of the membrane

Front 75

Reuptake

Back 75

When molecules of a neurotransmitter are released into the synaptic cleft are transported back into the terminal buttons

Front 76

Enzyme Deactivation

Back 76

The destruction of a neurotransmitter by an enzyme after its release

Front 77

Autoreceptors

Back 77

A receptor molecule located on the presynaptic Neuron that

Regulates synthesis and the release of a neurotransmitter.

Front 78

Synaptic Integration

Back 78

Process which inhibitory & excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials summate and control the rate of firing of a neuron

Front 79

Spatial Summation

Back 79

"Space" (based on location)

When 2+ presynaptic inputs are active at the same time

Front 80

Temporal Summation

Back 80

"Timing"

When the same presynaptic fiber fires action potentials and the individual EPSP's add together

Front 81

Gap Junctions

Back 81

Electrical synapses located in the heart

Action potentials can jump directly to the postsynaptic region without being transformed into a chemical signal

Front 82

Ligand

Back 82

A neurochemical that binds to a receptor

Front 83

Endogenous Ligand

Back 83

Comes from within

Front 84

Exogenous Ligand

Back 84

Externally administered

We put them into our system

Front 85

Agonists

Back 85

Binds to the receptor and activates the receptor in a similar fashion as the endogenous ligand

Front 86

Antagonists

Back 86

Binds to the receptor and blocks/prevents the endogenous ligand from binding

Front 87

Neuraxis

Back 87

Imaginary line drawn through the center of the length of the CNS, from the bottom of the spinal cord to the front of the forebrain

Front 88

Anterior vs. Posterior

Back 88

In front vs. In back

Front 89

Rostral vs. Caudal

Back 89

"Rooster beak" (out) vs.

"horse tail" (down)

Front 90

Dorsal vs. Ventral

Back 90

"Dolphin fin" (top) vs. "stomach" (bottom)

Front 91

Lateral vs. Medial

Back 91

"Ears" (side) vs. "Nose" (center)

Front 92

Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral

Back 92

Same aside vs. Opposite side

Front 93

Anatomical Cuts

Back 93

Cross Section/Frontal Section/Coronal (Razor head band)

Horizontal section "helicopter"

Sagittal Section "cut like bread"

Front 94

Dura Mater

Back 94

Tough membrane

Front 95

Arachnoid Membrane

Back 95

Weblike Appearance

Front 96

Subarachnoid Space

Back 96

Blood Vessels & Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Front 97

Pia Mater

Back 97

Right on top of the brain

Front 98

Nervous System Tissue

Back 98

Brain, Spinal Cord, Cranial Nerves

Front 99

Olfactory Nerve

Back 99

Sense = Smell

Front 100

Optic Nerve

Back 100

Sense = Vision

Front 101

Optic Nerve

Back 101

Sense = Vision

Front 102

Oculomotor Nerve

Back 102

Motor = eye movement/pupil

Front 103

Trochlear Nerve

Back 103

Motor = Eye Movement

Front 104

Trigeminal Nerve

Back 104

Sense = face

Motor = chewing

Front 105

Abducens

Back 105

Motor = eye movement

Front 106

Facial Nerve

Back 106

Sense = taste

Motor = face

Front 107

Auditory-Vestibular

Back 107

Sense = hearing & balance

Front 108

Glossopharyngeal

Back 108

Sense = taste

Motor = throat

Front 109

Vagus

Back 109

Motor = parasympathetic (relaxed)

Front 110

Spinal Accessory

Back 110

Motor = threat & neck

Front 111

Hypoglossal

Back 111

Motor = tongue

Front 112

Dorsal Root

Back 112

The spinal root that contains incoming (afferent) sensory fibers

Front 113

Ventral Root

Back 113

The spinal root that contains the outgoing (efferent) motor fibers

Front 114

Spinal Cord Matter

Back 114

White Matter (fat) = outside

Gray Matter (cells) = inside

Front 115

Cervical

Back 115

"Breakfast"

7

Front 116

Thoracic

Back 116

"Lunch"

12

Front 117

Lumbar

Back 117

"Dinner"

5

Front 118

Sacral & Coccyx

Back 118

Fused

Front 119

Ventricle System

Back 119

4 hollow spaces inside rain containing Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Front 120

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Back 120

Produced by choroid plexus (tissue located within the ventricles)

"Black Cottage Cheese"

Front 121

Hydrocephalus

Back 121

Blockage of a ventricle

Front 122

CSF Function

Back 122

Supports the weight of the brain (buoyant)

Helps reduce shock to the CNS caused by sudden head movements

Front 123

Cerebral Ventricles

Back 123

Lateral (1 & 2)

3rd

Cerebral Aqueduct

4th

Front 124

Cerebral Aqueduct

Back 124

A narrow tube interconnecting the 3rd and 4th ventricles of the brain

Front 125

Forebrain

Back 125

Sense/Separates us from other animals (inhibitory)

1.) Telencephalon

2.) Diencephalon

Front 126

Midbrain

Back 126

Keeps species alive behaviorally (maternal)

1.) Mesencephalon

Front 127

Hindbrain

Back 127

Keeps life physiological (life or death)

1.) Metencephalon

2.) Myelencephalon

Front 128

Telencephalon

Back 128

Lateral ventricles (1 & 2)

- Cerebral Cortex

- Basal Ganglia

- Limbic System

Front 129

Diencephalon

Back 129

(3rd ventricle)

- Thalamus

- Hypothalamus

Front 130

Mesencephalon

Back 130

(Cerebral Aqueduct)

- Tectum: "roof"

- Tegmentum: "floor"

Front 131

Metencephalon

Back 131

(4th ventricle)

- Pons

- Cerebellum

Front 132

Myencephalon

Back 132

- Medulla

Front 133

Telencephalon

Back 133

- Cerebral hemispheres (cortex): convolutions

- Sulcus: in between (folds)

- Fissure: deep grooves

- Gyrus: surface of brain (bumps)

Front 134

Temporal Lobe

Back 134

Ventral to Lateral Fissure

Front 135

Occipital Lobe

Back 135

Visual info, back of brain

Front 136

Frontal Lobe

Back 136

Motor behavior & to control impulses, plan, hypothetical thinking.

(Dorsal to lateral fissure)

Front 137

Parietal Lobe

Back 137

Posterior/coutal to central fissure

Somatosensory (senses)

Front 138

Limbic System

Back 138

Thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, limbix cortex & parts of the hypothalamus

Front 139

Hippocampus

Back 139

Ability to form long term memories

"Seahorse"

Front 140

Amygdala

Back 140

End of the hippocampus

Emotional processing

Very plactic

Front 141

Basal Ganglia

Back 141

Ability to move & function

Includes the caudate nucleus, the globus pallidus, & putamen

Front 142

Thalamus

Back 142

Major relay station for sensory info

"Train station"

Front 143

Hypothalamus

Back 143

Controls the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Organized behavior under hormonal control: fighting, feeding, fleeting & mating

Front 144

Tegmentum ("covering")

Back 144

Floor/Bottom

Periaqueductal gray matter

Substantial nigra: ("black substance")

Front 145

Tectum

Back 145

Superior colliculi (vision): Primitive Visual System

Inferior colliculi (audition):

Primitive Hearing System

Front 146

Metencephalon

Back 146

- Cerebellum ("little brain"): hand eye/coordination & learning that doesn't have to be consciously aware

- Pons ("bridge"): gateway for axons & reticular formation from the medulla

Buldge

Front 147

Myelencephalon

Back 147

-Medulla oblongata:

Lots of nuclei that keep you alive...without it = fatality

-Reticular Formation:

Keeps you awake & aroused (aware)

Losing arousal, neurons stop firing

Coma like state, but not sleeping