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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DNA |
Carries genetic information in cells |
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Chromatin |
Tangled strands of DNA and protein found throughout |
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Gene |
Segment of DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait |
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Homologous Chromosomes |
Pair of chromosomes similar in size and shape. Carry genes that control the same inherited traits |
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Sperm and egg cells have how many chromosomes? |
23 chromosomes because they are haploid cells |
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All other body cells have how many chromosomes? |
Body cells are diploid so they have 46 pairs of homologous chromosomes |
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Adenine pairs with which nitrogenous base? |
Thymine |
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Guanine pairs with nitrogenous base? |
Cytosine |
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Mitosis results in how many cells? |
2 cells, each with 23 pairs of chromosomes |
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What happens during prophase? |
Chromatic condenses, spindle fibres begin to form |
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What happens during metaphase? |
Chromosomes align in middle, spindle fibres attach to centromeres |
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What happens during anaphase? |
Sister chromatids are pulled away and to opposites ends as spindle fibres shorten |
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What happens during Telophase? |
Cleavage furrow and nuclear membrane forms |
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What happens during Cytokinesis? |
Cytoplasm divides, resulting in 2 daughter cells |
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Meiosis results in how many cells? |
4 haploid cells, each with 23 chromosomes. |
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What happens during prophase one? |
Duplicated homologous chromosomes come together as tetrads. Crossing over occurs |
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What happens during metaphase one? |
Tetrads line up. Maternal and paternal chromosomes arrange themselves randomly. Independent assortment occurs. |
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What happens during anaphase one? |
Homologous chromosomes separate to opposite ends. |
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What happens during telophase one? |
Spindle fibres break down and two nuclei form. Two haploid daughter cells are created. |
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What happens during telophase phase two? |
Spindle fibres breakdown. Four nuclei are formed. Four haploid cells are created |
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Define spermatogenesis |
A diploid cell produces 4 haploid sperm cells through meiosis |
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Define oogenesis |
A diploid cell produces one haploid cell (egg) and three polar bodies through meiosis |
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What is genetic variation? |
Variation of DNA sequences. Ensured by crossing over and independent assortment. |
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Define independent assortment |
Involves gametes that carry different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes |
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Define crossing over |
When genetic material between maternal and paternal chromosomes is exchange during prophase one |
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Euploidy vs. Aneuploidy |
Correct number of chromosomes versus incorrect number of chromosomes |
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Deletion versus duplication |
Loss of chromosomal segment versus repeat of segment |
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Inversion versus translocation |
Reverses a segment versus removes a segment from one chromosome to another |
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Who is Gregor Mendel? |
The father of genetics. He used to pea plants because they have a short generation time and can be bred in a controlled fashion to observe how generations inherit traits |
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Define the law of independent assortment |
The alleles for one gene segregate independently of the alleles for other jeans during gamete formation |
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What is sex linked inheritance? |
Some genes are found on the X chromosome only and therefore occur more frequently in males because they are recessive |
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What is turner’s syndrome? |
Lack of a second X-chromosome in females |
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What is triple X syndrome? |
Presence of one or more extra X chromosomes in females |
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What is Klinefelter’s syndrome |
Presence of an extra X chromosome in males |
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What is jacob’s syndrome? |
One or more extra Y chromosomes in males |
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What is Down’s syndrome? |
Extra chromosome 21 (trisomy 21) |
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What is Patau syndrome? |
Extra chromosome 13 (trisomy 13) |
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What is Edward’s syndrome? |
Extra chromosome 18 (trisomy 18) |
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Signs of autosomal recessive? |
Two heterozygotes parents Skipping generations Affected parents can’t have unaffected child |
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Signs of autosomal dominant? |
At least one affected parent Does not skip generations |
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Signs of sex linked recessive? |
Predominately males No father to son transmission May skip generations
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Signs of sex linked dominant? |
Each generation has affected individuals Parent to daughter transmission |
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What types of reproductive strategies are used in agriculture? |
Selective breeding, artificial insemination, embryo transfer |
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What types of reproductive strategies are used in humans? |
In vitro fertilization, pre-implanting genetic diagnosis |
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Types of cloning? |
Gene cloning, therapeutic cloning, reproductive cloning |
