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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Q: What says that the bilingual child builds a distinctlexicon and grammar for each language? |
A: Separate System Hypothesis |
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Q: What is prosodic bootstrapping? |
A: Prosodic bootstrapping refers to the language of a wordor phrase segmentation by infants inferred from the stress pattern of alanguage. |
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Q: What is poverty of stimulus? |
A: Poverty of stimulus is when children develop languageeven if they receive incomplete, noisy, unstructured utterances. |
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Q: Name two ways through which children learn language. |
A: Imitation, analogy, reinforcement, structured input, etc. |
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Q: What is the learning of a word or phrase segmentation byinfants in forms such as nursery rhymes or songs? |
A: Prosodic Bootstrapping |
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Q: When a child determines that the word “read” is a verbfrom the sentence “Jane loves to read” based on where “read” is in thesentence, this is an example of: |
A: Syntactic bootstrapping |
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Q: What is the difference between the unitary systemshypothesis and the separate systems hypothesis? |
A: The unitary systems hypothesis says that a bilingualchild has one lexicon and one language together whereas the separate systemshypothesis says that the child develops a separate lexicon and grammar for eachlanguage. |
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Q: Describe trochaic versus iambic |
A: Trochaic has stress on the first syllable of a wordwhereas iambic places stress on the second syllable of a word |
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Q: What is connectionism, and how are no grammatical rulesstored? |
A: It is a computer model of language representation andacquisition that relies in part on behaviorist learning principles such asanalogy and reinforcement. |
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Q: What is the difference between overextension andunderextension and give an example for both.
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A: Overextension is when a child learns a word then appliesit to others (calling all men daddy). Underextension is when lexical terms areused in an overly restrictive way (calling only the family dog a dog). |
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Q: If a child were to say the word “food” meaning that theyare hungry, what stage are they at? |
A: Holophrastic stage |
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Q: “I goed to the store” instead of “I went to the store” isan example of what, and explain why. |
A: Overextension, the child is applying the past tense –edto the verb go which an irregular verb. |
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Q: What are some factors that help children learn language? |
A: Imitation, analogy, reinforcement and structured input |
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Q: What is the mean length utterance (MLU) used for? And howdo you determine it? |
A: To measure the progress of a child’s speech. # of Morphemes over # of utterances |
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Q: What is the difference between syntactic and semanticbootstrapping? |
A: Syntactic is where the child learns verb meaning based onsyntactic context whereas semantic is where the child first uses the meaning ofa word to figure out its category. |
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Q: What is the telegraphic stage? |
A: Children often sound as if they are sending an e-messageor reading an old-fashioned telegram (containing only the required words forbasic understanding) |
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Q: What are the four FL teaching approaches? Define each. |
A: Synthetic approach, analytic approach, whole-wordapproach and whole-language approach |
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Q: What is speech recognition? |
A: Speech recognition is the process of analyzing the speechsignal into its component phones and phonemes |
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Q: When does the cocktail party effect occur? |
A: When you are in a noisy setting and are able to conversewith another despite any background noise |
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Q: What type of sentence is, “The man who hunts ducks out onthe weekends?” |
A: Garden path sentence |
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Q: What is the difference between speech recognition andspeech synthesis? |
A: Speech synthesis is the process of creating electronicsignals that stimulate the phones and prosodic features of speech and assemblethem into words and phrases for output to an electronic speaker. Speech recognition is the process ofanalyzing the speech signal into its component phones and phonemes. |
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Q: What is bottom-up processing? |
A: Bottom-up processing is data-driven analysis oflinguistic input that begins with the small units like phones and proceedsstepwise to increasingly larger units like words and phrases until the entireinput is processed, often ending in a complete sentence and semanticinterpretation. |
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Q: What is top-down processing? |
A: Top-down processing is expectation-driven analysis oflinguistic input that begins with the assumption that a larger syntactic unitsuch as a sentence is present, and then analyzes it into successively smallerconstituents, which are ultimately compared with sensory data to validate theanalysis. |
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Q: What is speech synthesis? What are the three types ofspeech synthesis? |
A: Formantsynthesis: computer production of sound (phones) based on the blending ofelectronic-based acoustic components; no prerecorded human sounds are used Concatenativesynthesis: an alternative approach to formant synthesis that uses prerecordedhuman pronunciations of basic units such as phones, syllables, morphemes,words, phrases or sentences Text-to-speech:a computer program that converts written text into the basic units of a speechsynthesizer. It translates the inputtext into a phonetic representation |
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Q: Describe phoneme restoration. |
A: When one hears a sentence as complete when part of thesignal is removed and a cough/buzz is substituted |
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Q: What is shadowing? |
A: Technique used that asks a person to repeat as fast aspossible what is being said. |
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Q: What is a spoonerism? Give an example |
A: A speech error in which phonemic segments are reversed orexchanged. A file of piles instead of a pile of files. |
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Q: Give an example of a garden path sentence. Name and explain the two principles that lead people astray. |
A: Minimal attachment and late closure |
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Q: What is semantic priming? |
A: The effect of being able to recognize a word more rapidlyafter exposure to a semantically similar word. |
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Q: What is the linguistic rule involved in: I’ll die trying à I’ll try dying. |
A: Phonological, switching of phonemes |
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Q: What is the fundamental frequency and magnitude of soundperceived as? |
A: It is perceived as pitch, and magnitude of sound isperceived as loudness |
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Q: Explain acoustic phonetics. |
A: Acoustic phonetics are concerned only with speech sounds,all of which can be heard by the human ear. |
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Q: What is the line that separates the areas of a dialectatlas? |
A: Isogloss |
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Q: What is codeswitching? |
A: Codeswitching is a speech style unique to bilinguals, inwhich fluent speakers switch languages between or within sentences |
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Q: What is a euphemism? Provide an example. |
A: A euphemism is a word or phrase that replaces a tabooword or serves to avoid frightening or unpleasant subjects. |
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Q: When do dialects become different languages? |
A: When the dialects become mutually unintelligible |
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Q: What are four differences in genderlects for women? |
A: Hedging their speech, using tag questions, using identifyingadjectives, using words of politeness |
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Q: Name 4 phonological differences between SAE and AAEV. |
A: R-deletion, neutralization of [ɪ] and [ɛ] before nasals,diphthong reduction, changing the voiceless the for [d] |
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Q: Name 4 syntactical differences between SAE and AAEV. |
A: Multiple negatives, deletion of verb “be”, habitual “be”,“there” replacement |
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Q: What is a superstrate or lexifier language? |
A: The dominant language that most of the lexical items of apidgin come from. |
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Q: The unmarked form of sexism is usually used in whatgender? |
A: male |
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Q: What is an idiolect? |
A: The language of an individual speaker with its uniquecharacteristics |
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Q: “Between you and I” is an example of what and why? |
A: Hypercorrection because it should be “between you andme.” |
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Q: What is the difference between creolization andpidginization? |
A: Creolization is the linguistic expansion in the lexiconand grammar and an increase in the contexts of use whereas pidginization is theprocess of the creation of a pidgin that involves a simplification of thegrammars of the impinging languages and a reduction of the number of domains inwhich the language is used. |
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Q: What is dialect leveling? |
A: The movement toward greater uniformity and lessvariation. |
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Q: What is jargon/argot? Provide examples. |
A: Special words peculiar to the members of a profession orgroup. |
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Q: What is the difference between a pidgin and a creole? |
A: A pidgin is a rule-governed language used forcommunication between mutually unintelligible languages. A creole is an evolved language. A pidgin maybecome a creole, but a creole won’t become a pidgin. |
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Q: Name four common ways of teaching ESL/FLL. |
A: Syntheticapproach: bottom up, which stresses teaching grammar with little or nocontextualization, students learn to parse sentences Analyticapproach: content-based instructions, more top-down because instructors selecttext, topics, or tasks that are relevant to the needs and interest of thelearner, whose job it is to discover the constituent parts of the language Whole-wordapproach teaches children to recognize a vocabulary of some 50-100 words byrote learning, often seeing the words repeated in a story. Whole-languageapproach is the literature-based approach that encourages children to enjoy thereading experience and perceives reading as a natural act like speaking.
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Q: What are the three stages of English? |
A: Old English (Anglo-Saxon), Middle English and ModernEnglish |
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Q: What is analogic change? Provide an example. |
A: A generalization of rules that reduces the number ofexceptional or irregular morphemes |
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Q: What are the three types of semantic changes that canoccur in a language? Provide examples. |
A: Broadening, narrowing and meaning shift |
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Q: Romance languages are the offspring of what language? |
A: Latin |
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Q: Explain what went on in the Great Vowel Shift. |
A: A major occurred in English that resulted in new phonemicrepresentations of words and morphemes. The seven long or tense vowels of Middle English underwent changes aswell. |
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Q: Define and give an example of an eponym. |
A: Words coined from proper names and often cause vocabularyto expand. Ex. spoonerism |
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Q: What are declensions or case endings? |
A: Affixes on the noun based on its thematic or grammaticalrelationship to the verb. |
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Q: Give 2 examples of why languages change. |
A: Assimilation to ease articulation and analogic change toreduce the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes |
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Q: What study of linguistics deals with how languages change,what changes occur and why did they occur? |
A: Historical and comparative linguistics |
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Q: What is a Nostratic language? |
A: A hypothetical language from which the entire world’slanguages have ultimately sprung from a single source. |
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Q: What is a polyglot? |
A: A person who speaks severallanguages |
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Q: What is the earliest identifiable language from whichrelated languages have developed? |
A: Protolanguage |
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Q: What are language isolates? Provide an example. |
A: Languages with no demonstrable genealogical relationshipwith other living languages. Korean |
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Identify 6 ways new words are added to a language. |
Acronyms, blends, borrowings/loan words, clippings, eponyms and word coinages |
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Q: What are petroglyphs? |
A: Cave art that are literal portrayals of time |
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Q: What are the four types of writing systems with examples? |
A: Logographic, syllabic, consonantal alphabetic andalphabetic |
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Q: What is pinyin? |
A: Pinyin is writing the Chinese government hasadopted. It is a spelling system thatuses the Roman alphabet, which is now used alongside the regular system ofcharacters |
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Q: Which writing system is also known as “sound writing”? |
A: Alphabetic writing |
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Q: What are the three scripts used in Japanese? |
A: Hiragana, Katakana and Kanji |
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Q:What is the rebus principle?
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A: When symbols represent the parts of the world. The connection to the full word is throughthe sound. |
