Exam 5

Front 1

The complementary base to adenine is ________.

Back 1

Thymine

Front 2

Human chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteinscalled ________, which help organize the DNA and give structure to thechromosomes.

Back 2

Histones

Front 3

Following replication of chromosomes, sisterchromatids are held together by a ________.

Back 3

Centromere

Front 4

Alterations in DNA, called ________, create differences between individuals and populations.

Back 4

Mutations

Front 5

Short single-stranded pieces of DNA called ________ attach toa DNA template to serve as the beginning site of DNA replication.

Back 5

primers

Front 6

In order to synthesize DNA in a laboratory, the enzyme________ must be used to facilitate the addition of nucleotides on the newstrand.

Back 6

DNA polymerase

Front 7

The technique used to make millions of identicalcopies of DNA from a small sample in a test tube is ________.

Back 7

polymerase chain reaction

Front 8

Short segments of DNA that contain codes for the structure of one or more proteins are ________.

Back 8

genes

Front 9

The beginning of each gene in DNA is marked by the presence of a unique base sequence called the ________.

Back 9

promoter

Front 10

________ is the process of by which the DNA code of a single gene is converted into a complimentary strand of mRNA.

Back 10

Transcription

Front 11

The primary transcript thatresults from transcription must be modified before it can be translated; nucleotidesequences that actually form the mRNA and contain the genetic information are________.

Back 11

exons

Front 12

Initiation of translationbegins with a tRNA binding to a ________ on mRNA.

Back 12

start codon

Front 13

Anticodons are located on ________.

Back 13

tRNA

Front 14

________ nucleotides are in 12 mRNA codons.

Back 14

36

Front 15

________ is a useful technique in criminal investigations because humans contain many copies of repeating or junk sequences, the length of which can be unique to an individual.

Back 15

DNA fingerprinting

Front 16

DNA is organized and arranged in the nucleus as________ before mitosis or meiosis.

Back 16

chromosomes

Front 17

The replication of DNA occurs during the ________phase of interphase.

Back 17

S (synthesis)

Front 18

Sister chromatids are attached to each other at the________.

Back 18

centromere

Front 19

The ________ checkpoint checks to make sure the DNA was replicated correctly and that the cell is large enough.

Back 19

G2

Front 20

During mitosis, the mitotic spindle forms during ________ (which phase?).

Back 20

prophase

Front 21

The ________ disappears during prophase.

Back 21

nuclear envelope

Front 22

Prior to cell division the DNA is uncondensed and string-like and is called ________.

Back 22

chromatin

Front 23

At each pole of the dividing cell there are structures called the ________ that anchor the spindle fibers.

Back 23

centrioles

Front 24

During________ the cytoplasm and organelles are divided between the daughter cells.

Back 24

cytokinesis

Front 25

A ________ forms during cytokinesis as contractile filaments in the cell tighten.

Back 25

cleavage furrow

Front 26

At the end of meiosis II the gametes have a ________ number of chromosomes.

Back 26

haploid

Front 27

During________ of meiosis, sister chromatids separate.

Back 27

Anaphase II

Front 28

Meiosis in females is not complete until ________ occurs.

Back 28

fertilization

Front 29

Progression of a cell through the phases of interphase is under the control of proteins know as ________.

Back 29

cyclins

Front 30

________ is the process by which a cell becomes different from its parent or sister cell.

Back 30

Differentiation

Front 31

A display of an individual's chromosomes is known as a________.

Back 31

Karyotype

Front 32

Alternative versions of the same gene are ________.

Back 32

alleles

Front 33

A ________ refers to the complete set of genes in the chromosomes of an individual.

Back 33

genome

Front 34

If the two alleles of a particular gene pair are the same, the individual is ________ for that gene

Back 34

Homozygous

Front 35

When someone says they have blue eyes, they are describing the physical appearance of a trait, or their ________.

Back 35

phenotype

Front 36

A phenotype is determined by ________ and ________.

Back 36

genotype, environmental factors

Front 37

In ________, the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is an intermediate between the phenotype of either homozygous genotype.

Back 37

incomplete dominance

Front 38

Genes for different traits located on the same chromosome are called ________.

Back 38

linked genes

Front 39

The inheritance of a trait that is determined by many genes acting together is ________ inheritance.

Back 39

polygenic

Front 40

Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly is called ________.

Back 40

nondisjunction

Front 41

A ________ occurs when a piece of chromosome breaks off or is lost.

Back 41

deletion

Front 42

The process by which a piece of a chromosome breaks off and then attaches to another chromosome is ________.

Back 42

translocation

Front 43

Genes located on the same chromosome are not always inherited together because of the process of ________, which occurs during meiosis; this process "reshuffles" the genes.

Back 43

crossing-over

Front 44

During embryological development, if a certain gene on the ________ chromosome is activated during the sixth or seventh week of development, the embryo will develop into a male.

Back 44

Y

Front 45

According to Mendel's law of ________, genes of a gene pair separate from one another during the formation of gametes.

Back 45

segregation

Front 46

The process of evolution ultimately depends on changes that occur in the ________ of organisms.

Back 46

genes

Front 47

Darwin's proposal that organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce is termed ________.

Back 47

natural selection

Front 48

Individuals with _______ to a particular environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Back 48

adaptations

Front 49

The relative survival and reproduction of one variant compared to others in the same population is referred to as its _______.

Back 49

fitness

Front 50

When considering evolution, structures of present-day organisms that have similar structures and believed to have evolved from a common ancestral structure, they are said to be ________.

Back 50

homologous

Front 51

In an evolutionary context, ________ structures do not currently have a function in present-day organisms.

Back 51

vestigial

Front 52

The process by which the continental plates move slowly over time is ________.

Back 52

continental drift

Front 53

The evolution of one or more species from an ancestral form is called ________.

Back 53

speciation

Front 54

The blue footed boobies are isolated from mating withother birds because the female requires a special mating dance. This is called _______ isolation.

Back 54

behavioral

Front 55

________ refers to random changes in allele frequency as a result of chance events.

Back 55

Genetic drift

Front 56

The Pennsylvania Amish population has an increased rate of dwarfism due to one of the original members of this small population carrying the dwarfism allele. This is due to a type of genetic drift called the ________ (2 words).

Back 56

founder effect

Front 57

Movement of individuals into or out of population that results in a redistribution of alleles is called ________.

Back 57

gene flow

Front 58

________ mating is when individuals mate with those who are similar to themselves.

Back 58

Assortive

Front 59

In _______ selection, individuals with extreme phenotypes do better than mid-range phenotype individuals.

Back 59

diversifying

Front 60

Humans are classified in the class ________ and the order ________.

Back 60

Mammalia, Primata (primates)

Front 61

The study of the relationship between living organisms and their physical environment is ________.

Back 61

ecology

Front 62

The type of location where a species lives is its ________.

Back 62

habitat

Front 63

The number of offspring produced by each reproducing member of a species, the ratio of males to females, and the time it takes offspring to become reproductively mature are characteristics of the ________ of a population.

Back 63

biotic potential

Front 64

For an organism reaching its biotic potential, the growth rate is characterized by a(n)________ curve.

Back 64

exponential

Front 65

Factors in the environment that limit the ability of a species to meet its biotic potential are known as ________ factors.

Back 65

environmental resistance

Front 66

The environment’s ________ is the amount of a population that can be supported indefinitely by that environment.

Back 66

carrying capacity

Front 67

A biological _______ consists of all the organisms living together in a particular habitat.

Back 67

community

Front 68

When the actions of two species benefit both species it is called ________.

Back 68

mutualism

Front 69

When one species has a dramatic role in the community it is identified as a ________ species.

Back 69

keystone

Front 70

In a given geographic location, the combination of all living organisms plus the physical environment in which they live is termed a(n) ________.

Back 70

ecosystem

Front 71

The ________ feed on the producers, who use the sun’s energy and nutrients from the soil to make their own food.

Back 71

primary consumers

Front 72

The ________ (2 words) is a complex linkage among organisms in a community.

Back 72

Food web

Front 73

The total biomass at each level of an ecosystem or the total amount of energy stored at each level of an ecosystem can be depicted with the use of a(n) ________.

Back 73

ecological pyramid

Front 74

The process by which some bacteria convert nitrate to atmospheric nitrogen gas is ________.

Back 74

denitrification

Front 75

Unlike the carbon and nitrogen cycles, the phosphorous cycle is classified as a ________ cycle because phosphorus never enters the atmosphere.

Back 75

sedimentary