Psyc 104 Exam 4

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Abnormal psychology

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Applying psychological science to our understanding and treatment of psychological disorders

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Prevalence

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the frequency of occurrence of a given conditionin a population at a given time

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Psychological disorder

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an on going dysfunctional pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior that causes significant distress, and that is considered deviant in that person’s culture or society

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Bio-psycho-social model of illness

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a way of understanding disorder that assumes that disorders are caused by biological, psychological, and social factors.

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Biological component

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refers to the influences on disorder that comefrom the functioning of the individual’s body.

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Psychological component

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refers to the influences that come from the individual, such as patterns of negative thinking and stress responses.

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Social component

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refers to the influences on disorder due to social and cultural factors such as socioeconomic status, homelessness, abuse, and discrimination.

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Stigma

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· refers to a disgrace or defect that indicates that person belongs to a culturally devalued social group.

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

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The DSM is an ever revised handbook that clearly and concisely provides standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders.

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Anxiety

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the nervousness or agitation that we sometimes experience, often about something that is going to happen, is a natural part of life.

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Anxiety disorders

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psychological disturbances marked by irrational fears, often of everyday objects and situations.

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Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

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a psychological disorder diagnosed in situations in which a person has been excessively worrying about money, health, work, family life and/or relationships for at least 6 months and when the anxiety causes significant distress and dysfunction.

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Panic disorder

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a psychological disorder characterized by sudden and recurrent panic attacks that reaches a peak within minutes.

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Phobia

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is a specific fear of a certain object, situation, or activity.

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Social phobia

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an extreme fear or anxiety about at least one social situation, such as having a conversation, meeting unfamiliar people, where the affected person feels at risk for scrutiny by others.

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Agoraphobia

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is a fear of being in a situation where you feel as if you are unable to escape.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

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a psychological disorder that is diagnosed when an individual continuously experiences obsessions (distressing, intrusive, or frightening thoughts), and engages in compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts) in an attempt to calm these obsessions.

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Mood

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as the positive or negative feelings that are in the background of our everyday experiences.

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Mood (or affective) disorders

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psychological disorders in which the person's mood negatively influences his or her physical, perceptual, social, and cognitive processes.

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Dysthymia

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a condition characterized by mild, but chronic, depressive symptoms that last for at least2 years.

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Major depressive disorder (clinical depression)

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a mental disorder characterized by an all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem and by loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.

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Bipolar disorder

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a psychological disorder characterized by swings in mood from overly “high” to sad and hopeless, and back again, with periods of near-normal mood in between.

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Schizophrenia

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is a serious psychological disorder marked bydelusions, hallucinations, loss of contact with reality, inappropriate affect, disorganized speech, social withdrawal, and deterioration of adaptive behavior.

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Psychosis

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which is a psychological condition characterized by a loss of contact with reality.

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Hallucinations

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false sensations that occur in the absence of a real stimulus or which are gross distortions of a real stimulus.

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Delusions

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which are false beliefs not commonly shared by others within one’s culture, and maintained even though they are obviously out of touch with reality.

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Personality disorder

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characterized by inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others that cause problems in personal, social, and work situations.

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Borderline personality disorder (BPD)

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is a psychological disorder characterized by a prolonged disturbance of personality accompanied by mood swings, unstablepersonal relationships, identity problems, threats of self-destructive behavior, fears of abandonment, and impulsivity.

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Antisocial personality disorder (APD)

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is characterized by a disregard of the rights of others, and a tendency to violate those rights without being concerned about doing so.

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

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is a developmental behavior disorder characterized by problems with focus, difficulty maintaining attention, and inability to concentrate, in which symptoms start before 7 years of age.

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Autistic disorder (autism)

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a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social interaction and communication across different life settings (e.g., home, school) and by restricted and repetitive behavior, interests or activities, and in which symptoms begin during early childhood.

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Asperger’s disorder

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A developmental disorder affecting ability to effectively socialize and communicate

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Dissociative identity disorder

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is a psychological disorder in which two or moredistinct and individual personalities exist in the same person, and there is an extreme memory disruption regarding personal information about the other personalities.

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Social psychology

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as the scientific study of how we feel about, think about, and behave toward the other people around us, and how those people influence our thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

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Social situation

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the people with whom we are interacting.

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Social cognition

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the part of human thinking that helps usunderstand and predict the behavior of ourselves and others

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Social norms

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the accepted beliefs about what we do or what we should do in particular social situations

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Attitudes

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our enduring evaluations of people or things—influence, and are influenced by, our behavior

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Stereotyping

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the tendency to attribute personality characteristics to people on the basis of their external appearance or their social group memberships

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Prejudice

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the tendency to dislike people because of their appearance or group memberships

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Discrimination

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· negative behaviors toward others based on prejudice.

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

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when our expectations about the personalitycharacteristics of others lead us to behave in ways that make those beliefs come true.

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Social identity

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the positive emotions that we experience as a result of our group memberships

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Stereotype threat

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is a situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group.

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Close relationships

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which are the long-term intimate and romantic relationships that we develop with another person—for instance, in a marriage .

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Interpersonal attraction

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what makes people like, and even love, each other.

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Self-disclosure

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the tendency to communicate frequently, without fear of reprisal, and in an accepting and empathetic manner.

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Proximity

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the extent to which people are physically near us.

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Mere exposure

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the tendency to prefer stimuli (including but not limited to people) that we have seen more frequently.

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Commitment

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the feelings and actions that keep partners working together to maintain the relationship and is characterized by mutual expectations that the self and the partner will be responsive to each other’s needs.

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Causal attribution

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The process of trying to determine the causes ofpeople’s behavior, with the goal of learning about their personalities

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Dispositional attribution

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After we have made our observations, we draw our conclusions. Sometimes we may decide that the source or cause of the behavior was due to characteristics that reside within the individual.

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Situational attribution

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we may determine that the behavior was caused primarily by the situation

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Self-serving attribution

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judging the causes of our own behaviors in overly positive ways.

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Fundamental attribution error (or correspondence bias)

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The common tendency to overestimate the role of dispositional factors and overlook the impact of situations in judging others

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Persuasive communications

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the process by which a person's attitudes or behaviour are, without duress, influenced by communications from other people.

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Self-monitoring

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the tendency to regulate behavior to meet the demands of social situations—tend to change their behaviors to match the social situation and thus do not always act on their attitudes.

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Self-perception

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occurs when we use our own behavior as a guide to help us determine our own thoughts and feelings.

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Cognitive dissonance

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refers to the discomfort we experience when wechoose to behave in ways that we see as inappropriate

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Reciprocal altruism

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the principle that, if we help other people now, those others will return the favor should we need their help in the future.

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Social responsibility norm

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which tells us that we should try to help others who need assistance, even without any expectation of future paybacks.

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Diffusion of responsibility

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occurs when we assume that others will take action and therefore we do not take action ourselves

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Displaced aggression

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which is aggression that is directed at an object or person other than the person who caused the frustration.

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Catharsis

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the idea that observing or engaging in less harmful aggressive actions will reduce the tendency to aggress later in a more harmful way

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Desensitization

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which is the tendency over time to show weakeremotional responses to emotional stimuli.

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Culture of honor

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The social norm that condones and even encourages responding to insults with aggression

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Conformity

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a change in beliefs or behavior that occurs as the result of the presence of the other people around us.

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Obedience

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The tendency to conform to those in authority

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Minority influence

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a smaller number of individuals is able to influence the opinions or behaviors of the larger group

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Psychological reactance

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In these cases they may develop a strong emotional reaction that leads people to resist pressures to conform