Exam 2 Part 2

Front 1

What was the findings of MacDonal and Martineau in their 2002 sexual intercourse study.

What were the 3 variables they tested?

Back 1

A negative mood made someone more likely to have unprotected sex, only if they had low self-esteem.

- Self esteem, mood, intentions

Front 2

What is measurement? What is it often referred as in psychology?

Back 2

The assignment of scored or values to a specific characteristic (Psychometrics)

Front 3

What is the N-back task?

Back 3

Tests working memory

1- back task (AHSYEI remember E)

3- back task (AHSYEI remember S)

Front 4

What are variables that are not easy to measure (e.g. self esteem, intelligence, personality) called?

Back 4

Constructs

Front 5

What is a variable?

Back 5

A characteristic that has different values for each individual

Front 6

What is a constant

Back 6

A characteristic or condition that does not change

Front 7

What are the 2 possible vales of a variable

Back 7

Qualitative

Quantitative

Front 8

4 general categories of variables

Back 8

Situational

Responce

Participant or subject

Mediating variables

Front 9

Situational variables

Back 9

Describe characteristics of environment

Front 10

response variables

Back 10

responses to behaviour of individuals

Front 11

participant or subject variables

Back 11

individual differences

Front 12

mediating variables and example

Back 12

Psychological processes that mediate the effects of a situational variable on a response

- bystander effect

1-Number of bystanders (Situational variable)

2-Loss of responsibility (Mediating variable)

3-Helping behaviour (Response variable)

Front 13

What is the issue with measuring constructs?

Back 13

They cannot be observed directly in the moment, they rely on the central/peripheral nervous systems.

Front 14

What is the conceptual definition of a contruct

Back 14

The behaviours/internal processes that make up a construct, and its relation to other variables.

Front 15

Operational definition

Back 15

Specific method, operation or technique to measure a variable

Front 16

3 categories of measurement

Back 16

Self report measures

Behavioural measures

Physiological measures

Front 17

Self-report measures

Back 17

Participants report on their own attitudes or feelings

Front 18

Behavioural measures

Back 18

Observations made on the behaviour of an individual.

Front 19

Physiological Measure

Back 19

Recording physiological processes not in brain like blood flow and heart rate.

Front 20

What are the 4 main scales of measurement?

Back 20

1. Nominal

2. Ordinal

3. Interval

4. Ratio

Front 21

Nominal

Back 21

Variables have 2 or more categories and there is no numeric scale.

Patient vs Normal

Front 22

Ordinal

Back 22

Rank order point on scale, numeric values limited. Intervals bwteen items are not known or equal.

rank fav. TV shows, or rate something 5 stars

Front 23

Interval

Back 23

Based on numeric properties. no true zero amount, but equal space between number on scale

e.g. scor on a personality test

Front 24

Ratio Scale

Back 24

Has a true zero point, which means it can exist in the absence of a variable.

can also make a ratio (10 pounds is twice as heavy as 5)

Front 25

What is reliability

Back 25

Consistency or stability of measure of behaviour

Front 26

What 2 components

Back 26

True score+measurement error=Score

Front 27

Measurement Error types (2)

Back 27

Random Error

Systematic Error

Front 28

Random Error

Back 28

The actual amount is different on each measurement and it tends to average out given enough time.

Front 29

Systematic Error

Back 29

The actual amount is constant which means it does not average out, there is something wrong with the measurement.

- confounds

Front 30

What are Confounds

Back 30

3rd variable researcher failed to eliminate that affect the results in a bad way.

Front 31

Difference between data of a reliable measure and unreliable measure

Back 31

Reliable measure will have not much variance (penis) in scores, unreliable will have a large variance (hat)

Front 32

How do you get rid of measuring error

Back 32

repeat measure until the results average out. this is not possible for a lot of studies, so they have to use the top measurements that don't stray from results.

Front 33

What 3 things are needed to achieve best reliability?

Back 33

- training observers

- carefully wording questions

- placement of recording devices

Front 34

What 2 ways can we assess reliability?

Back 34

Correlation coefficients

Pearson's r

Front 35

How many measures from an individual do you need to have reliability?

Back 35

2

Front 36

when measuring reliability, what is the correlation coefficient called?

Back 36

reliability coefficient

Front 37

How high is concerned good?

Back 37

.80

Front 38

Internal consistency reliability

Back 38

assessment of an individual at one point in time. (20 item personality measure)

- all items should yield constant results

Front 39

Split-half reliability

Back 39

Total score on one half of test correlated with total score on another half.

Front 40

Cronbach's alpha (a)

Back 40

correlation of one item with every other item

Front 41

Interrater Reliability

Back 41

Axamined the agreement of the observations of 2 or more raters.

- quantitative observations alpha (a)

- Qualitative data Cohen's Kappa (k)

Front 42

What is validity? what are 2 ways of evaluating research to be valid?

Back 42

The truth of a research study

- Construct validity

- Internal validity

- External validity

Front 43

Construct validity

Back 43

Operational definition of a variable. degree to which the measurement of variable reflects what's really going on

Front 44

Face validity

Back 44

Degree to which a measure appears to be accurate with a variable

- not sufficient evidence to prove validity

Front 45

Criterion validity? what are the 4 types?

Back 45

extent scores are correlated with ones they are expected to.

- concurrent validity

- predictive validity

- convergent validity

- Discriminant validity

Front 46

Concurrent validity

Back 46

2 or more people differ in ways they are expected to

Front 47

Predictive Validity

Back 47

degree a measurement device predicts what it's supposed to

Front 48

Convergent validity

Back 48

do scores on the measure scale relate to one another in ways that would be expected?

Front 49

Discriminant Validity

Back 49

The measure of the variable is not related to other variables that it should not be related to

Front 50

Internal Validity

Back 50

the extent to which the experiment measured what it was meant to measure

can it be infered that x caused y?

- high control with experiment means high internal validity,

- low control low internal validity

Front 51

external validity

Back 51

how well can the experiment measure be applied to real life

Front 52

4 steps in measurement process

Back 52

Conceptually define construct

Operationally define construct

Implement measure'

Evaluate measure

Front 53

Conceptually defining construct

Back 53

What is the construct? Define based on previous literature

Front 54

Operationally Defining the Construct

Back 54

use an existing measure, if no reasurch create measure, then impliment it in reliable way.

Front 55

Reactivity of measure

Back 55

Potential problem

- happens when a person is aware they are being measured and change their behaviour

Front 56

Demand characteristics

Back 56

subtle things the participant picks up on that tells them how the researcher wants then to behave

Front 57

How to minimized reactivity

Back 57

Allow time for participant to get used to experiment, and use non-obtrusive measures

Front 58

How to evaluate measure? (2)

Back 58

Assess validity and reliability