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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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culture shock |
the feeling of surprise and disorientation that people experience when they encounter cultural practices that are different from their own |
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Preston's 3 Factors influencing culture shock |
1. Strangeness of culture 2. Size of settlement visited 3. Length of stay |
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Preston's 4 Stages of Culture Shock |
1. Anticipation 2. Depression 3. Insulation 4. Reorientation |
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Sociology |
the scientific study of social behavior and human groups |
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Auguste Comte |
the father of sociology. called the term "sociology" |
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4 areas of social change that propelled sociology |
1. Scientific Revolution 2. Industrial technology 3. Urban Growth 4. Political Change |
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4 Benefits of sociological perspective |
1. Challenges the familiar understandings of ourselves and others. 2. Allows us to realize the opportunities and constraints in life. 3. Empowers us to be active participants in our society. 4. Recognize human diversity and to confront the challenges of living in a diverse world. |
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Sociological Imagination |
-C. Wright Mills Ability to see yourself in a larger perspective. Distinguish between personal issues and societal issues. |
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3 Problems of sociological perspective |
1. Does not explain every individual's behavior 2. Society is always changing 3. Can be discomforting at times |
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concept |
an abstract idea that represents some aspect of the world. |
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theory |
a statement of how and why specific facts are related |
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theoretical approach (theoretical perspective or paradigm) |
a basic image of society that guides thinking and research |
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3 sociological perspectives |
1. Structural Functionalism 2. Social Conflict 3. Symbolic Interaction (1st two are Macro level, 3rd is Micro) |
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Macrolevel Orientation |
a concern with large-scale patterns that characterize society as a whole |
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Microlevel orientation |
a concern with small scale patterns of social interaction in specific settings |
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7 areas of interest for each perspective |
1. Definition 2. Subject under focus 3. Nature of society 4. Maintenance of social order 5. Some Key concepts 6. some key theorists 7. Weaknesses of paradigms |
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Functionalism perspectives |
1. approach that emphasizes the way in which society is structured to maintain stability 2. Order & Stability 3. Interdependent groups pursuing common goals 4. Through social consensus, whereby people agree to cooperate in order to contribute to social order 5. Social Function, Manifest, latent function, dysfunction 6. Durkheim, Merton, Parsons 7. Focus too much on unity and ignores social inequality. Focus on social stability and ignores social change. |
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Conflict Theory perspectives |
1. approach that assumes that social behavior is understood in terms of tension between groups over power or allocation of resources. 2. Social conflict and change 3. Made of conflicting groups each pursuing own interests. 4. Through screen, social order is imposed by powerful over the weak. 5. Social conflict, Bourgeoisie & Proletariat 6. Marx, Mills 7. Focus too much on inequality and ignores social unity. Focus too much on social change and ignores stability. |
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Heart of sociology |
sociological perspective |
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Symbolic Interaction perspectives |
1. Based on the view that society is the product of the everyday interactions of individuals 2. interaction between individuals 3. composed of individuals whose actions depend on interpreting each other's behavior 4. through constant negotiations between individuals trying to understand each other's actions and reactions 5. Symbols, definition of the situation 6. Weber, Mead, Goffman 7. Ignores structures and overlooks large-sclae problems |
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Bests's 4 Approaches to Data/Research |
The Awestruck The Naïve The cynical The Critic |
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The Awestruck |
Does not understand where information came from and doesn't care. Blindly accepts numbers and other information as having magic quality |
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The Naïve |
Slightly more sophisticated than awestruck. Can understand basics like mean and percentages, but easily confused by large numbers and does not question validity. |
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The Cynical |
Suspicious, negative or hostile. See research and flawed and a means to promote data. |
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The Critic |
Approach data/research thoughtfully. Avoids naïve acceptance and cynical rejection. Evaluates data and distinguishes between good and bad. |
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Scientific Method |
A systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in reasserting a problem |
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5 Steps to sociological research |
1. Defining the problem 2. Reviewing the literature 3. Formulating the hypothesis 4. Collecting & Analyzing data 5. Developing the conclusion |
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hypothesis |
a speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables |
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variable |
a measured trait or characteristic whose value potentially changes from case to case. |
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Interdependent Variables |
cause a change (1) |
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Dependent Variables |
changed by the independent variable (2) |
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Validity |
actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure |
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Reliability |
consistency in meausrement |
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Culture |
the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior shared by a particular people |
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Society |
a fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside their area, and participate in a common culture |
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material culture |
the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives. all the things human beings make and use |
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non-material culture |
ways of using material objects, as well as customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communications. Values, beliefs, rules, etc. |
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Cultural Lag |
The fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others which may disrupt a cultural system |
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Ethnocentrism |
The tendency to assume that one's culture and way of life represents the norm or superior way |
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Cultural relativism |
the viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their culture |
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High culture |
culture patterns that distinguish a society's elite |
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Popular "pop" culture |
cultural patters widespread among a society's people |
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Fad |
a temporary, but widespread copied activity followed enthusiastically by large numbers of people |
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fashion |
currently valued style of behavior, thinking or appearance that is longer lasting and more widespread than a fad |
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Latent functions |
unintended and unrecognized consequences of a social pattern |
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Manifest functions |
recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern |
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Positivism |
scientific approach based on positive facts rather than speculation |
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Feminism |
support of social equality between male and female in the conflict theory |
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Languages recorded globally |
7,000 |
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Multiculturalism |
recognizes cultural diversity and equality |
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Language |
symbols that allow communication |
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Global perspective |
the study of the larger world and our society's place in it |
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Middle-income countries |
nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole |
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Low-income countries |
nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor |
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High-Income countries |
nations with the highest overall standards of living |
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Empirical evience |
information we can verify with our senses |
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measurement |
a procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case |
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operationalize a variable |
specifying exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variable |
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correlation |
a relationship in which two or more variables change together |
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spurious correlation |
an apparent but false relationship between two or more variables that is caused by some other variable |
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objectivity |
personal neutrality |
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interpretive sociology |
the study of society that focuses on discovering the meanings people attach to their social world
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cultural transmission |
passing culture from generation to the next |
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Sapir-Whorf Thesis |
The idea that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language |
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norms |
rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members |
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mores |
norms that are widely observed and have great moral significanc |
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folkways |
norms for routine or casual interaction |
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horticulture |
the use of hand tools to raise crops |
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pastoralism |
the domestication of animals |
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subculture |
cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population |
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counterculture |
cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society |
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Cultural universals |
traits that are a part of every known culture |
