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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ethics |
study of moral conduct standards of right/wrong that say what humans ought to do
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moral standing |
your interests constitute morally good reasons why you may/may not be treated in certain ways |
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2 viewpoints of moral standing |
rational sentient beings |
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5 ethical theories of animal use |
contractarianism utilitarianism animal rights relationalism respect for nature
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contractarianism |
motivation is driven by self-interests and mutual agreement human centered (b/c animals can't "contract in") |
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utilitarianism |
emphasizes outcomes/consequences instrumental value (worthwhile b/c lead to something good) |
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Peter Singer |
utilitarianism all beings w/ interests deserve = consideration |
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animal rights |
self-awareness intrinsic value (worthwhile for own sake) |
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Tom Regan |
animal rights all living things have moral rights |
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relationism |
group of theories based on duties |
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respect for nature |
moral concern for entire species |
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3 types of welfare concerns
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biological functioning
affective states naturalness |
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biological functioning
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measures of health/performance
ex: lameness |
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affective states
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positive an/or negitive feelings/emotions
ex: pain reduction |
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naturalness
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expression of natural behaviors
ex: calf feeding |
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need
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fundamental requirement in biology of animal
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five freedoms
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from hunger and thirst
from discomfort from pain and suffering to express normal behavior from fear and distress |
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behavior
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anything an animal does in response to a stimulus
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2 types of behavior
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learned
innate |
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5 types of learned behavior
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habituation
imprinting operant conditioning classical conditioning insight |
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habituation
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long-term, stimulus-specific waning of a response
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imprinting
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forming social attachment to another object
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operant conditioning
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learned by trial and error
rewards strengthen behavior, punishments diminish Skinner's mice |
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classical conditioning
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learned by association
Pavlov's dogs |
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insight
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using previous experience to respond to a new situation
most complex learning |
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agency
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engaging actively with environment
gathering knowledge/skills for future use |
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competence
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possession of skills, knowledge, qualifications
applying strategies to deal with novel challenges |
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3 ways agency/competence is expressed
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problem solving
exploration play |
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environmental enrichment (EE)
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altering environment of captive animal to increase behavioral dversity and welfare
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4 benefits of EE
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promote species-specific behavior
increase ability to cope w/ challenges reduce frequency of abnormal behaviors increase positive interaction w/ environment |
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4 limitations of EE
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variable success due to negative early experiences
individual variation/preferences disturbances may inhibit use cost/labor expenses |
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2 approaches to EE
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naturalistic (zoos)
behavioral (farms & marine parks) |
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Homeostasis
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regulating the body's substance/characteristics at an optimal level
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3 parts of ingestive behavior
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appetitve - behavior that locates food
consummatory - behaviors that consume food affected by diurnal rhythms, social factors, inputs to brain |
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appetite
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controlled by gut-brain peptide hormones and regulatory pathways
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3 short-term appetite regulators
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ghrelin
peptide YY cholecystokinin (CCK) |
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ghrelin
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hunger
secreted by parietal cells of empty stomach primes body to use nutrients |
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peptide YY
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satiety
secreted by enteroendocrine cells in ileum and colon "ileal break" that slows stomach emptying |
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cholecystokinin (CCK)
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satiety
secreted by enteroendocrine cells of duodenum and jejunum |
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2 long term appetite regulators
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leptin
insulin |
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leptin
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satiety
secreted by adipocytes in proportion to body fat stores |
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insulin
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satiety
secreted by pancreatic beta cells regulates blood glucose in absorptive state |
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hypothalamus
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receptors in arcurate nucleus for gut-brain peptides that regulate relase of:
neuropeptide Y melanocortin |
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neuropeptide Y
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hunger
stimulated by ghrelin inhibited by PPY, leptin, and insulin |
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melanocortin
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satiety
stimulated by leptin and CCK |
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absorptive state
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4 hr window
time of nutrient absorption and use for energy |
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glucose storage
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short term energy reservoir in liver and muscles
stored as glycogen |
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glycogenesis
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building glycogen from glucose
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glycogenolysis
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breaking down glycogen
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post-absorptive state
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homeostasis of glood glucose critical to brain
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glucagon
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regulates blood glucose in post-absorptive state
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4 types of food restrictions
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qualitiative restriction
quantatative restriction under nutrition malnutrition |
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qualitative restriction
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access to low quality food
reduced caloric intake |
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quantitative restriciton
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restricting amount of high quality food, time when food is available, or access to food
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under nutrition
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failure to obtain nutrients
body reserves must be used |
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malnutrition
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given food that is deficient/excessive in nutrients
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2 types of thirst
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osmometric thirst
volumetric thirst |
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osmometric thirst
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tonicity of interstitial fluid increases, water drawn out of cells
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volumetric thirst
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stimulated by low blood or blood plasma volume
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intracellular fluid
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fluid w/in cells
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extracellular fluid
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fluid outside cells
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hypertonic
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higher [] of solutes outside cell
water drawn out of cell |
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hypotonic
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lower [] of solutes inside cell
water drawn into cell |
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isotonic
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solute [] inside cell = solute [] outside cell
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