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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
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What are the four categories that prokaryotes can be grouped into based on how they obtain their energy and carbon |
1) phototrophs (uses light) 2.)chemotrophs (Obtain ene here from chemicals in their environment) 3.)Autotrophs (Organisms thy only need CO2 as a carbon source) 4.)Heterotrophs (Organisms that require at least one organic nutrient as a carbon source) |
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What mechanisms do prokaryotes have to combine genes between individuals |
Transformation, conjugation, transduction |
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Transformation |
A Cell can absorb and integrate fragments of DNA from their environment |
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Conjugation |
is the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact. |
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Transduction |
Viruses transfer of genes between prokaryotes |
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What are the two major branches of prokaryote evolution |
Bacteria and Arcaea |
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What type of organisms are photoautotroph |
Photosynthetic prokaryotes, plants, certain protists like algae |
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What type of organisms are chemoautotrophs |
Chemotrophs are organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments. These molecules can be organic or inorganic. |
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What are some autotrophs |
Photoautotroph and chemoautotroph |
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What are some heterotrophs |
Photoheterotroph and chemoheterotroph |
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What are the two major branches of prokaryote evolution |
Bacteria and Arcaea |
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What type of organisms are photoautotroph |
Photosynthetic prokaryotes, plants, certain protists like algae |
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What type of organisms are chemoautotrophs |
Chemotrophs are organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments. These molecules can be organic or inorganic. |
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What are some autotrophs |
Photoautotroph and chemoautotroph |
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What are some heterotrophs |
Photoheterotroph and chemoheterotroph |
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What types of organisms are photoheterotrophs |
they are organisms that use light for energy, but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source. aquatic and salt loving prokaryotes for example Rhodobacter, chloroflexus) |
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What are the two major branches of prokaryote evolution |
Bacteria and Arcaea |
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What type of organisms are photoautotroph |
Photosynthetic prokaryotes, plants, certain protists like algae |
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What type of organisms are chemoautotrophs |
Do you need to certain prokaryotes for example solfolobus |
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What are some autotrophs |
Photoautotroph and chemoautotroph |
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What are some heterotrophs |
Photoheterotroph and chemoheterotroph |
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What types of organisms are photoheterotrophs |
You need to start an aquatic and salt loving prokaryotes for example Rhodobacter, chloroflexus) |
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What types of organisms are chemoheterotrophs |
Many prokaryotes for example CLOSTRIDRUM, protists, fungi, animals, some plants |
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Which domain has a nuclear envelope |
Eukarya |
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Which domain has membrane enclosed organelles |
Eukarya |
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Which domain has peptidoglycan in the cell walls |
Bacteria |
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Which domain has a membrane lipids |
Bacteria and Eukarya have in branched hydrocarbons and archaea has some branches hydrocarbons |
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Which domain has RNA polymerase. How many? |
Bacteria has one kind Eukarya and Archaea has several kinds |
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What are the taxonomic categories |
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class,order, family, genus, species Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup |
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What classifies a domain? |
A discrete structural and functional region of a protein The three domains are Archaea, bacteria, and eukarya |
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In which domains are histones associated with DNA |
Archaea: present in some species, but very rare Bacteria: Absent Eukarya: Present
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What three ecological categories can protists be divided into |
Protozoa- ingestive, animal-like protist Absorptive, fungus-like protists Algae- photosynthetic, plant-like protists |
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Serial endosymbiosis |
The theory that proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger cells |
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What is a kingdom |
Plants animals and fungi |
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What are the eukaryotic super groups? |
Excavata SAR Archaeplastida Unikonta |
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What are diatoms |
Diatoms are single-celled algae. Diatoms are algae that live in houses made of glass. They are the only organism on the planet with cell walls composed of transparent, opaline silica. Diatom cell walls are ornamented by intricate and striking patterns of silica. |
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What is brown algae |
Phaeophyta Clade : Stramenopiles Are large complex algae The owe their character-like brown or olive color to carotenoid pigments in their plastids. Most species are marine Most brown algae are multicellular |
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What is included in the super group Stramenopila? (SAR) |
Diatoms, chrysophyceae (golden algae), and phaeophyceae (brown algae) |
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What is included in the supergroup Archaeplastida |
Chlorophyta (Green algae), plants and Rhodophyta (red algae) |
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What is SAR? |
Stramenopila Alveolata Rhizaria |
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What’s included in Alveolates |
Dinoflagellates, cercozoans and apicomplexans |
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What is Alveolates part of? |
SAR |
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What’s included in Excavata super group |
Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans |
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What is included in the SAR? |
Diatoms, Chrysophyta(golden algae) Phaeophyta (brown algae) dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, apicomplexans, ciliates, radiolarians, forams, cercozoans |
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What clades are a part of Unikonta? |
Amoebozans and opisthokonts |
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What is included in Amoebozoans? |
Slime molds Tubulinids Entamoebas |
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What do excavates include? |
Protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella |
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How is the clade excavata characterized by |
cytoskeleton similarities modified Mito or flagella |
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What are diplomonds? |
In the super group excavata. Has a modified mitochondria that lack electron transport chains, therefore derive energy anaerobically. Contains two equal sized nuclei and multiple flagella |
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What is parabasalids |
In the super group excavata. Has a reduced mitochondria called Hydrogenosomes that generate some energy anaerobically. Include Trichomonas vaginalis, the pathogen that causes infections in human reproductive tracts. |
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what is Euglenozoa? |
In the supergroup Excavata. Is a diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites. The main feature of distinguishing them as a clade is a spiral or Crystaline rod of unknown function inside their flagella. They have a unique glucose polymer, Paramylon on as a storage molecule. Have one or two of Adella that emerged from a pocket at one end of the cell. They are mostly autotrophic but some are mixotrophic and heterotrophic |
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Stramenopila |
Includes both heterotrophic and photosynthetic protists. The name of this group is derived from the presence of numerous fine-like projections on the flagella |
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What is golden algae |
Chrysophyta Clade: Stramenopiles Named for the yellow and brown carotene photo synthetic pigments, are typically biflagellated. Most golden algae are unicellular some are colonial. Some species are mixotrophic and live among freshwater and marine plankton |
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Why is salt a good preservative to use for food such as pork and fish |
Prokaryotic cells living in the food will shrink from their cell walls impacting their ability to reproduce |
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Graham negative bacteria have _____ peptidoglycan than gram-positive cells, and their cell walls are ________ complex structurally |
Less...more |
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A gram-negative cell wall consists of __________ |
A thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides |
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Bacteria that _______ tend to have abundant internal membranes |
are photosynthetic |
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Bacterial flagella have a very complex structure composed of 42 distinct proteins. What is the most likely explanation for the evolution of these complex structures? |
Exaptiation ( a shift in function of a trait during evolution) |
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The bacteria that causes tetanus can be killed only by prolonged heating at temperatures considerably above boiling. This suggests that these bacteria___________ |
Produce endospores |
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Plasmids _________. A) I transferred from one bacterium to another by conjugation B) can be involved in the transfer of genetic material between prokaryotic cells C) often contain antibiotic resistant genes D) replicate independently of the main chromosome E) All of the above |
E) All of the above |
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How is it possible that as many as 9 million mutations can arise each day in the population of E. coli inhabiting one human? |
A large population size and a rapid reproduction rate combined to produce many mutations without a particularly high mutation rate |
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In the absence of meiosis and sexual reproduction, what general process allows genetic recombination among prokaryotes? |
Horizontal gene transfer |
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Which of the following statements about transformation is true A) it is a very rare phenomenon that happens by chance B) it requires transport of DNA by a virus C) although common in laboratory populations of bacteria, it does not play an important role in natural bacteria populations. D) it requires movement of DNA through a pilus E) it can be facilitated by cell surface proteins that recognize compatible DNA |
E) it can be facilitated by cell surface proteins that recognize compatible DNA |
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In F+ bacterial cell acts as a _____ during _______ |
Donor...Conjugation |
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What do R-plasmids do and how are they transferred |
Are plasmids can be transferred from one bacterium to another via conjugation and can carry several resistant genes |
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What substances are required by typical nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria |
Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water, light, and some minerals |
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Which group of bacteria is unusual in that they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls |
The gram-negative walls of chlamydia’s are unusual in that they lack peptidoglycan. |
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Which subgroup of proteobacteria contains many species that are predators of other bacteria? |
Delta |
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Which subgroup of proteobacteria contains many species that are predators of other bacteria? |
Delta |
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Which subgroup of proteobacteria contains many species that are closely associated with eukaryotic hosts in mutualistas or parasitic relationships |
Alpha |
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Which clade of archaea includes most of the extreme thermophiles? |
Crenarchaeota Creen means spring (hot spring) |
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Methanol end can be classified as a member of which domain |
Archaea |
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Prokaryotes are completely indispensable to which chemical cycles? |
Nitrogen. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are the only organisms that can fix atmospheric nitrogen into compounds that other organisms can use to build cellular components |
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What type of relationship does Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a bacterium that lives in human intestines have with humans? |
The bacteria have a mutualistic relationship with the human body. The bacteria obtain food, energy, and shelter in the human intestines. humans benefit from many roles these bacteria‘s place such as involvement in the synthesis of vitamins and the release of antibiotic chemicals that kill other bacteria |
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Cholera is caused by... |
Exotoxins that stimulates intestinal cells to release chloride ions into the gut |
