Evolution

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evolution

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the accumulation of inherited changes within a population over time

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1809

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(jean baptiste lamark) environment gives rise to changes in animals

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1858 (AW)

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alfred wallace - natural selection

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1831

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charles darwin - HMA Beagle as a naturalist

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1858 (CD)

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charles darwin - presented to Linnaean society of London

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1859

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charles darwin - on the origin of species

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charles darwin on the origin of species

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1. species are not immutable ( they change over time - mutable)

2. process that produces these changes natural selection

differential reproductive success of individuals

different genetic types - different contribution

3. divergent species share common ancestor & have diverges from one another gradually thru time

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phenotype

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physical expression of genes (observable)

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genotype

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genetic expression

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gene

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unit of heredity

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alleles

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different form of gene

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gene pool

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sum of alleles in a population

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allele frequency

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number of certain alleles in a population over sum of alleles in a population

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genotype frequency

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number of individuals with a given genotype over total number of individuals in a population

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what is the general idea of the hardy - Weinberg equilibrium?

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1. allele frequency does not change

2. genotype frequency does not change (genetic structure does not change)

(what would have to happen for change to occur)

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what shows that change is occurring in the hardy - Weinberg equilibrium

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derivations from the HW frequency

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5 essentials about a population to meet the HW equilibrium

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1. random mating

2. pop size very large

3. the genes can't migrate between populations (no gene flow)

4. no mutations (changes in DNA)

5. natural selection cannot exist

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mutations

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1. germline

2. most are harmful or neutral

3. some are advantageous

4. rates are low (just small deviations from HWE)

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mutations are the main causes for

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genetic diversity

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gene flow may change..

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allele frequencies

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gene flow

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1. individuals may migrate & breed

2. migrants may

add new genetic characteristics to the gene pool of a population

change the frequency of certain characteristics already present in the population

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genetic drift may cause...

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large changes in a small population

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genetic drift

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1. caused by change in allele frequency by random chance

2. effect is larger in smaller populations

3. it occurs if the population is not infinite in size

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bottleneck effect

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(lost genetic diversity)
organisms pass through a period when only a small number of individuals survive

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founder's effect

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(drosophila - flies)

1. small starting group

2. when a few pioneering individuals colonize a new region, the resulting population will not have all the alleles found among members of the same population

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non - random mating

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1. sexual selection

2. self-fertilization: non-random mating

3. geographic isolation

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sexual selection

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the struggle between the individuals of one sex for the possession of another sex

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functions of natural selection

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1. reduces variation in a population

2. does not change the mean

3. preserves the average phenotype

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fitness

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reproductive contribution of a phenotype to subsequent generations (relative to other phenotypes)

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stabilizing selection

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average phenotype is more selected and will appear more frequently

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directional selection

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favors 1 extreme

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disruptive selection

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favors 2 extremes (extremes are more fit to survive)

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what impact may migrants have on gene flow?

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1. add new genetic characteristics to a gene pool

2. change frequency of genetic characteristics already present in a population

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the bottleneck effect and founders effect are examples of

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genetic drift

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what are the 5 evolutionary mechanisms

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mutation

gene flow

genetic drift

non-random mating

natural selection

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example of natural selection

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English :how well a phenotype allows an individual to survive and reproduce (contribute to the reproductive success of species)