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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Evolution |
Evolution is a process that results in heritable changes in a population spread over many generations |
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Phylogenetic Trees |
- A branching diagram showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities -They are based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic traits |
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Fossils |
Parts or impressions of an organism that may survive after it's death |
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Cast |
Original materials in the organism have been replaced by unrelated new ones e.g. iron pyrite |
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Mold |
Impression left by the remains of an organism which have subsequently dissolved or decayed |
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Trace Fossils |
Animal markings (footprint, trail, burrow) |
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The Archaeopteryx Fossil |
Fossils which displayed the evolutionary adaptions of a reptile into a bird |
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Relative Dating |
Law of Superposition |
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Absolute Dating |
Radioisotope decay |
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Embryology |
Organisms that are closely related may also have physical similarities before they are even born |
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Comparative Anatomy |
-Homologous Structures - divergence (from common ancestor) -Analogous Structure do not imply an evolutionary relationship, but may indicate convergence as organisms adapt to same enviroment |
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Who Developed the Theory of Revolution |
Jean - Baptiste Lamarck and Charles Darwin |
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Overproduction |
Populations produce too many young: many must die |
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Variation |
Individuals show variation: some variations are more favorable than others |
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Natural Selection |
Natural selection favors the best suited at the time |
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Inheritance |
Variations are inherited. The best suited variants leave more offspring. |
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Biological Species |
A group of interbreeding (or potentially interbreeding) individuals, re productively isolated from other such groups able to produce fertile, viable offspring |
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Explain how the use of chemical insecticides(sprays used to kill agricultural pests) can give rise to spray-resistantinsect populations |
ChemicalInsecticides kill agricultural pests but then they evolve and become resistantto insecticides. Through variation and natural selection a spray resistantpopulation is present. |
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Selective Agent |
Anything that gives certain organisms in a population an advantage over others. (enviroment, adaptions)
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Species |
A group ofinterbreeding (or potentially interbreeding) individuals reproductivelyisolated from other such groups. |
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How are scientists able to tell if an individualbelongs to one species or not? |
-compare similarities and differences in what theorganisms look like. -analyze their DNA. |
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What are the mechanisms that cause the rise of a new species? |
New species can arise as a result ofisolation. This is where two populations of a species become geographically separated. |
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Listseveral types of evidence for evolution. |
-Fossils -Physical similarities between related living organisms -Similarities in DNA -Artificial selection, or breeding |
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What factors have allowed some fossils to bevery well preserved? |
-Layer of sediments build on top and below the buried remains
-Pressure turns sediments into rocks and bones into mineralised fossils -Fossils remain until uncovered or eroded |
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What are the main ways that the skull has altered over this time? |
Skull has altered due to bipedalism. -Such as a large and complex brain, ability to make anduse tools, the capacity for language, complex symbolic expression, art, and elaboratecultural diversity |
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Why are isotopes useful in carrying out absolutedating?
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Each radio active element decays at a constant rate. This rate is known to scientists which means you can calculate when the rocks were formed.
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Which isotope is used for dating very old items?
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Potassium- 40 (Half-life of 1.3 billion years) |
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Half - Life |
The amount of time it takes for half of a substance to change (decay) into another substance |
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Relative Dating |
-Shows what organisms lived together -Shows the order in which fossils occured but does not give exact ages |
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Law of Superposition |
-Sedimentary layers are deposited in a time sequence -Oldest rock on the bottom, youngest on the top |
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Absolute Dating |
-Determines the specific age of a fossil -Looks at chemical properties |
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Radiometric Dating |
Examining the chemical half life of a substance in the sample to determine its approximate age |
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Speciation |
-Process by which one species splits into two or more species -Responsible for biodiversity on earth |
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Lamarch |
Aquired characteristics -He believedthat organisms aquired characteristics during their lifetime and whenthey had offspring passed it onto their offspring. -This is wrong as humans have no control over their genotype |
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Pentadactyl Limbs |
-A homologous structure that provides strong evidence of evolution -Monkey, Bat, Whale, Anteater, Horse, Pig, Human all share similar hand and arm structure which points to similar ancestor |
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Development of Human Skull |
-Face became "flatter" -Lower jaw shortens -A chin develops -Cranium enlarges and becomes more rounded -Cranial capacity increases (brain space) |
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Tertiary Period |
65 million years ago - 5 million years ago |
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Quaternary Period |
Current period |
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What is the half - life of Carbon-14 |
5730 years |
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Mutation |
A mistake that happens as DNA is copied, causing a change in base sequence |
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Yes |
No |
