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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Flanders
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city just north of Crecy, site of 1st major battle of the 100 Years War
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Longbow
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weapon as tall as a man used to accurately shoot enemies from a distance; used by the English in the 100 Years War, especially in the Battle of Crecy
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Joan of Arc
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deeply religious French woman, impersonated a man to lead troops in 100 Years War, condemned to death as heretic, burned at the stake, Maid of Orleans
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Estates-General
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Frenh parliamentary body consisting of representatives from the French nobility, clergy, and commoners who advised the king
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"Jacquerie"
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popular revolt in late medieval Europe by peasants that took place in northern France in the summer of 1358, during the 100 Years War; against high taxes
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English Peasant Revolt
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peasants in eastern England refused to pay the high taxes inflicted by nobles, especially poll tax from monarchy; peasants burned manor houses of offenders until Richard II arrested rebels
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Unam Sanctum
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statement by Pope BonifaceVIII defending papal supremacy; spiritual power is greater than any earthly power
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Avignon
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city on east bank of Rhone River where popes resided for 3/4 of 1300s b/c of tax disagreements between pope and king; popes after Boniface until Gregory XI returned to Rome in 1377
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Great Schism
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crisis in hurch when multiple popse existed; divided Europe and damaged the faith of Christians; church lost temporal power
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Hanseatic League
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commercial and military alliamce of north German coastal towns during the Renaissance
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Humanism
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intelectual movement based onthe study of classics and literature of Greece and Rome; emphasized hman nature and the individual as opposed to spiritual and religious matters
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Johannes Gutenburg
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of Mainz; contributed to the invention of the printing press; first book was _____'s Bible
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Naturalism
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artistic movement; attempt to persuade onlookers of the reality of the portrayed image
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Taille
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annual tax in France on land/property; use strengthened by Louis XI, gave a steady source of income and created foundations of a strong French monarchy
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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Spansh rulers whose marriage united Castile and Aragon; pursued religious uniformity in Catholicism; strengthened royal control of government
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1492 (Jews in Spain)
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Ferdinand and Isabella took the rastic step of expelling all professed Jews from Spain to achieve religious uniformity
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Inquisition
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court established by the church to find and try heretics
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Hapsburg
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dynasty of Holy Roman emperors after 1438; acquired position b/c of wealth, played an important role in European affairs
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Niccolo Machiavelli
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writer of The Prince who criticized huma nature and whose major concerns were the Inquisition, maintenance, and expansion of political power as the means to restore and maintain order in his tie
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Italian City-States
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small independent city-states in northern and central Italy whose existence resulted from the lack of a centralized government
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What were the causes of the 100 Years War?
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- Charles IV dies, Edward III and Phillip VI both claim French throne
- British control French territories (Bordeaux,Crecy) - Flanders wool trade creates hostility |
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What were the war's long term effects?
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- Drastic changes to European warfare (gunpowder makes castles, walls, and armor obsolete)
- Feudal order broken down - Political disintegration (payment for war) |
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How did the bubonic plague help transform the social/economic picture of Europe?
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- Fewer workers = low crop prices
- Lords lose power - Taille created in France - Guilds created - Consumer goods prduction increased (live before you die) |
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What problems sufaced in the late medieval church (1302-1425) that hurt its credibility?
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- European monarchs weren't willing to accept papal claims of temporal supremacy
- Boniface vs Phillip IV: txation of clergy - Papacy at Avignon - Great Schism - Christian faith damaged by above |
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What was the meaning of "Renaissance?" What characterized this period in Europe?
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- "rebirth" (French term)
- Recovery from disasters (plague, political disorder, recession) - Urban society develops - Humanist movement - Manorial system declines - Printing press affected intellectual life and thought - Art revolved around nature and humans |
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What were the major artistic developments of the Renaissance? What made these accomplishments possible?
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- Naturalism
- Human beings were "center and measure of all things" - Laws of perspective and geometrical prganization of outdoor space and light understood - Investigation of movement and anatomy - Portrayal of ideal human with perfect proportions - Oil paints for varied color andfine detail |
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How did the changing art of the Renaissance reflet changes in people's thinking?
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- Religion to humans and secular world
- More advaned techniques = learning and discovery |
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What steps were taken to establish strong "national" monarchies in France, England, and Spain in the 15th century?
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- French territorial state develps
- Strengthened use of taille in France - Henry Tudor abolished private armies and dereased taxes on nobles in England - Isabella and Ferdinand married to unite Aragon and Castile in Spain - Spain drove out Jews and Muslims in 1492 |
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What were the Italian City States? What made them powerful?
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- Naples dominated by France (Anjou)
- Siciliy ruled by Aragon - Milan and Venice: trade - Florence: oligarchy, successful wars in 1300s, cultural center of Italy |
