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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Essential Ions |
◾ any number of element required by a living organism to ensure normal growth, development and maintenance ◾ not synthesized by the body and must be included in our diet |
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Trace Ions |
ions that are required for normal functioning but in small amounts only |
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Non-essential Ions |
ions that are generally not needed in body funtions but some may have beneficial pharmacologic action in appropriate dosage |
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Iron |
it is present in animals, wherever respiration occurs |
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Constituent of Hemoglobin |
Principal metabolic function of Iron |
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hemoglobin, myoglobin, REDOX enzymes |
Iron is essential component of several metalloproteins such as __________, __________, and many __________ |
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◾ electron carrier ◾ responsible in the transport of molecular oxygen |
What are the functions of Iron in the respiratory chain? |
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liver, bone marrow, spleen |
Extra iron is stored in the __________, __________ and __________ |
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Diet |
primary source of iron |
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Duodenum (acidic) |
where most iron absorption takes place |
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Ascorbic Acid |
during iron supplementation, ___________ is given concomitantly |
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Hypochromic microcytic anemia |
Deficiency in Iron can lead to __________ |
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◾ Listlessness ◾ Palpitation on exertion ◾ Sore throat & Angular stomatitis ◾ Dysphagia ◾ Koilonychia (spoon nails) |
Manifestations of Hypochromic microcytic anemia |
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◾ Males — 8 mg/day ◾ Females — 18 mg/day |
Recommmended Daily Allowance (RDA) of Iron: ◾ Males — (?) ◾ Females — (?) |
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Hemochromatosis |
Toxicity of Iron; resulting from excessive tissue accumulation |
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Ferrous fumarate |
resistant to oxidation in air |
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◾ Ferrovit® ◾ Fergesol® |
Brand names of Ferrous fumarate |
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Ferrous gluconate |
has a good bioavailability |
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Fergon® |
Brand name of Ferrous gluconate |
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approximately 12% |
Content of elemental iron in Ferrous gluconate |
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◾ United Home Ferrous sulfate® ◾ Feosol® ◾ Ferglobin® ◾ Sorbifer® durules |
Brand names of Ferrous sulfate |
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20% |
Content of elemental iron in Ferrous sulfate |
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Iron-Dextran Injection |
◾ used in patients who cannot take orally iron preparations ◾ administered IM only |
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33% |
Content of elemental iron in Ferrous fumarate |
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ferric hydroxide, hydrolyzed LMW dextran |
Iron-Dextran Injection is a sterile colloidal solution of __________ in complex with partially __________ in water injection. |
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Ferrous sulfate, USP |
◾ pale, bluish green crystals or granules (odorless) ◾ effloresces in dry air
◾ oxidizes in moist air to form brownish yellow ferric sulfate |
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Iron sulfate, copperas, Green vitriol, Iron vitriol |
Other names of Ferrous sulfate, USP |
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treated mineral pyrite (fool's gold or iron pyrite, and FeS2) |
Ferrous sulfate, USP is obtained from __________ |
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hematinic (increases the amount of hemoglobin in blood) |
Ferrous sulfate, USP is used as _________ |
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◾ triiodothyronine (T3) ◾ thyroxine (T4) |
Principal metabolic function of Iodine: Synthesis of two hormones __________ and __________ (produced by the thyroid gland) |
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fibrinolytic agent; syphilis, leprosy |
Iodine is used as __________ in __________ and __________ |
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Iron Sorbitex Injection |
◾ can cause dark urine due to iron sulfide ◾ administered IM only |
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hyperthyroidism |
Iodine is used as an ameliorating agent in __________ |
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iodide salt |
Iodine is usually administered in an __________ |
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◾ Males — 140 mcg/day ◾ Females — 100 mcg/day |
Daily dose of Iodine ◾ Males — (?) ◾ Females — (?) |
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cretinism & goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland) |
Deficiency in Iodine can lead to __________ and __________ |
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◾ Salt water fish ◾ Shellfish ◾ Iodized salt ◾ Milk |
Sources of Iodine |
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Iodism |
Toxicity of Iodine; may happen in individuals with too much intake of iodine |
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NaCl (Sodium chloride) |
may aid in the rapid elimination of iodine |
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Povidone iodine |
an antiseptic to prevent or treat infections in wounds |
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Potassium Iodide |
an expectorant to liquefy thick and tenacious sputum in several lung conditions |
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Constituent of Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) |
Principal metabolic function of Cobalt |
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Pernicious anemia |
Deficiency of Cobalt; lack of Vitamin B12 |
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Zinc |
know to play a central role in the immune system |
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Constituent of insulin and carbonic anhydrase |
Principal metabolic function of Zinc |
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◾ Males — 11 mg/day ◾ Females — 8 mg/day |
RDA of Zinc ◾ Males — (?) ◾ Females — (?) |
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◾ Stunted growth ◾ Parakeratosis (thick, inflamed, scaly skin) ◾ Hypogonadism (in males) |
Deficiency in Zinc |
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Metal Fume Fever |
Toxicity of Zinc |
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900 mcg/day |
RDA of Copper |
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◾ Formation of Hemoglobin (increases the utilization of iron) ◾ Constituent of oxidase enzymes |
Principal metabolic function of Copper |
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Copper |
functions in the absorption and utilization of iron, electron transport, connective tissue metabolism and development of the nervous system |
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◾ most common: hypochromic anemia ◾ others: growth depression, skeletal defects, degeneration of the nervous system etc. |
Deficiency syndromes of Copper |
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Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration) |
Toxicity of Copper; excessive storage of Cu |
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Penicillamine |
DOC for Copper's toxicity |
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Fluoride |
widely used as an anticariogenic (inhibition of dental cavity development) |
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NaF (Sodium Fluoride) |
Compound form of Fluoride |
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Tooth decay |
Deficiency in Fluoride |
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Fluorosis (Motting of teeth) |
Toxicity of Fluoride |
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Bromide |
◾causes CNS depression in small doses (0.2 to 2 g)
◾ in large doses (4 to 8 g), depresses all reflexes and used as a medication for epileptic seizures |
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NaBr, KBr, NH4BR |
Bromide compounds |
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Bromism |
Toxicity of Bromide; characterized by insomnia, restlessness, dizziness and weakness |
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Arsenic |
used as rat poison component and a protoplasmic poison |
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trypanosomiasis, amoebiasis |
Arsenic is used as protoplasmic poison for __________ and __________ |
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Arsenicals |
used in leukemia |
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Potassium arsenite (Fowler's solution) — solution of As2O3 and KHCO3 |
Compound of Arsenic |
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Mees' lines; leukonychia |
Toxicity of Arsenic; development of __________ (white spots) in the fingernails |
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Lithium |
◾ mood stabilizer in manic-depression psychosis
◾ depressant to the CNS and to the circulation
◾ has a diurteic effect |
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Lithium carbonate |
Compound of Lithium |
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Gold |
used as a cure for rheumatoid arthritis and non-disseminated lupus erythematosus |
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◾ Gold sodium thiomalate ◾ Aurothioglucose |
Gold compounds |
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Alum, chlorine, sulfate |
Soluble salts of Aluminum; used as astringets |
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Phosphate and hydroxide |
Insoluble salts of Aluminum; used as gastric antacids |
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Silver |
Used as styptic and as a protein precipitant |
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Toughened silver nitrate |
Silver compound |
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Argyria (discoloration of the skin) |
Silver toxicity |
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Diuretic, germicide, antiseptic |
Uses of Mercury |
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mercurous chloride, ammoniated mercury, yellow mercuric oxide |
Mercury compounds |
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diuretic mercurial |
chief use of __________ is to rid the body of excess fluid due to cardiac edema |
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Hydrargyria (an acute poisoning) |
Mercury toxicity |
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Strontium bromide |
Strontium is used as a sedative in the form of __________ |
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Strontium lactate |
used as treatment for osteoporosis (Strontium) |
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diabetes insipidus |
Lithium toxicity |
