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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Q: Whose writings eventually gave birth to international law as well as Mare liberum?
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A: Hugo Grotius
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H: Freedom of the seas to all nations
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Q: What is the territorial sea?
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A: Bynkershoek determined a nation’s owned portion of the ocean by its cannon range of 3 miles from the shore
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Q: From what came the rules that designated control of the ocean?
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A: United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
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Q: What is the EEZ created for all coastal nations from the treaty of the UNC?
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A: Each nation gets a uniform 12-mile territorial sea and a 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone. It can be established from islands as well from continents under a nation’s control.
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Q: The Law of the Sea puts what percentage of the world’s oceans under the control of coastal nations?
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A: 42%
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Q: What are the 4 primary components of the Law of the Sea established from 1973-1982?
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A: 1 - Coastal nation’s jurisdiction (EEZ & greater range to territorial seas)
2 - free ship passage over the entire ocean 3 - private exploitation of sea floor resources under regulation of the ISA 4 - arbitration of disputes |
No more fights
Know who controls where Allowed to ship anywhere else Full control of stuff in my area |
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Q: What are the relatively shallow water areas adjoining islands or continents?
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A: Coastal waters
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Where are continental margins?
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Q: What are 3 main methods that can change coastal salinity?
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A: 1 - Freshwater input by river runoff (layer of intense freshwater-seawater mixture is the halocline)
2 - dry offshore winds causing evaporation 3 - mixture of both |
More Water, Less Water
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Q: What do changes in coastal temperature depend on?
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A: Latitudes: High temps in low latitudes, Low temps in high latitudes, and summer/winter temp changes in mid-latitudes
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H: “Rungs on a Ladder
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Q: What direction does the coastal geostrophic current curve in the Northern Hemisphere & in the Southern Hemisphere?
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A: NH -> Northward on Western Coast, Southward on Eastern Coast
SH - > Southward on Western Coast, Northward on Eastern Coast |
H: The northward flowing Davidson Current along the coasts of WA & ON
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Q: When gravity pulls water back from the shore, what causes the water to head right in the Northern Hemisphere & head left in the Southern Hemisphere?
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A: The Coriolis Effect; winds and runoff cause these geostrophic currents
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H: Direction when facing the open ocean
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Q: Geostrophic currents rely on what 2 factors for strength?
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A: Wind & amount of runoff
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H: The higher in energy of each factor, the stronger the current is
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Q: What are the 4 most important types of coastal waters?
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A: 1 - Estuaries (freshwater runoff dilutes salty seawater)
2 - coastal wetlands (border freshwater/coastal environments) 3 - lagoons (bar-built from the presence of a barrier island) 4 - marginal seas (large semi-isolated bodies of water usually resulting from tectonic activity or volcanic island arcs) |
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Q: The San Francisco Bay is an example of which type of estuary?
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A: Tectonic (formed by movement of faults)
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Q: Drowned river valleys are an example of which type of estuary?
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A: Coastal Plain (formed as sea level rises & floods existing river valleys)
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H: Chesapeake Bay
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Q: What is the difference (in shape) of a fjord and a coastal plain estuary?
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A: Fjords are U-shaped with steep walls while costal plain estuaries have V-shaped profiles
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Q: What are 4 types of water mixing in estuaries?
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A: 1 - Vertically Mixing (Shallow low volume; Salinity simply increases from head to mouth of estuary)
2 - Slightly Stratified (Somewhat deeper; estuarine circulation pattern pushes low-salinity water towards mouth & seawater towards head) 3 - Highly Stratified (Deep; Significant volume of seawater intake & freshwater input producing very strong halocline) 4 - Salt Wedge (Very deep; Large volume of freshwater intake with a large chunk of invading seawater directly beneath at the mouth) |
H: Typical circulation of an estuary consists of surface flow of low-salinity water toward mouth & subsurface flow of marine water toward head
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Q: Estuaries are very beneficial to who and how?
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A: Many marine animals as breeding grounds & protective nurseries
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Q: Anoxic?
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A: Without oxygen
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Q: What are the 2 most important types of coastal wetlands?
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A: Salt marshes & mangrove swamps; Submerged by ocean water and have oxygen-poor mud and accumulations of organic matter called peat deposits
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One is found in high latitudes above 65, one is under 30 degrees
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Q: What are 3 reasons for wetlands’ importance ecologically, geographically and biologically?
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A: 1 – One of the most biologically productive if left alone
2 – Can remove land-derived pollutants from water before reaches the ocean 3 – Can absorb water from coastal flooding and protect shorelines from erosion, storms, and tsunami |
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Q: What are 3 distinct zones that can be identified within lagoons?
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A: 1 – Freshwater Zone (near head where river flows into)
2 – Transitional Zone (Contains brackish [salinity btwn fresh-and-sea water] water) 3 – Saltwater Zone (Lies close to lagoon’s mouth) |
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Q: Circulation between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean is typical of?
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A: Closed, restricted basins where evaporation exceeds precipitation
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Q: What is the difference between Mediterranean & estuary circulation?
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A: In Mediterranean, evaporation > freshwater input while it’s the opposite for estuaries
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Q: What is the standard laboratory bioassay?
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A: Most widely used technique for finding the concentration of pollutants that cause a 50+% mortality rate among test organisms.
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H: Has to do with pollution & bioassay = to weight out biologically
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Q: Ukai?
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A: Cormorant fishing
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Q: How is oil the least damaging of all substances in a marine environment?
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A: It’s a mixture of hydrocarbons & other biodegradable substances
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It can be broken down...
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Q: Do oil spills do more environmental damage offshore or on shore?
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A: Offshore due to the ocean’s ability to evaporate lighter components and photooxidize some parts into “mousse” though heavier components sink
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Q: The greatest damage from the Argo Merchant spill was to?
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A: Plankton, especially pollock and cod eggs
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Q: What is bioremediation?
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A: Using microorganisms like fungi and bacteria that naturally biodegrade oil to do so. Can also provide productive conditions for these bacteria at oil spills to speed up the process
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Q: What are the 2 treatments that create sewage sludge from total crap?
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A: First, solids are allowed to settle and dewater. Then, it is exposed to bacteria-killing chlorine.
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Q: Was there an end to sewage sludge dumping into coastal oceans after 1972 legislation?
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A: No
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Q: What are DDTs and PCBs and what is their effect on the marine environment?
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A: DDT – pesticide, PCB – industrial chemicals
- Their toxicity, long life, and ability to get caught in food chains make them persistent organic pollutants (POPs) |
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Q: What is Minamata Disease?
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A: Mercury poisoning
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Q: What is the form of mercury that bacteria degrade it into that is toxic in the ecosystem?
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A: Methyl mercury
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Q: Explain the relationship between bioaccumulation and biomagnifications.
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A: Organisms concentrate within their tissues many substances found in small doses in seawater (bioaccumulation) and when these organisms are eaten by other organisms, those substances become concentrated in the tissues of those farther up the food web (biomagnifications).
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H: Explains how methyl mercury in fish winds up in humans.
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Q: What are the 3 main factors to go into establishing safe levels of mercury in marketed fish?
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A: 1 – The rate at which each group of people consumed fish
2 – The mercury concentration in the fish consumed by that population 3 – The minimum ingestion rate of mercury that induces disease symptoms |
- How many people eat this
- How much bad stuff is in what they eat - How much bad stuff gets you sick (on average) |
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Q: What is non-point-source pollution?
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A: Any type of pollution entering the surface water system from sources other than underwater pipelines
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H: Storm drain trash, pesticides, road oil, plastic
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