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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define exceptionality
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People with significant gifts and/or talents to people experiencing significant deficits in a variety of areas including academics, physical, and social behaviour.
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What is the history of special education?
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Separate
Integration Inclusion Empowerment and Self Determination |
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What is the estimation of school-aged children being recognized with an exceptionality?
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10%
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Approximately how many obviously need assistance but do not fit into a distinct group?
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50%
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What is an IEP?
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Individualized Education Program/Plan
-It is required by most education jurisdictions for every child receiving special education services -Developed by a group of individuals knowledgeable about the student -Participation of parents is critical |
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What is the purpose of an IEP?
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IEP can serve varied purposes;
-It can provide instructional direction -Function as the basis of evaluation -Improve communication among members of a team |
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What are the THREE key components of an IEP?
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1. Present level of education performance
-How well are they doing now? 2. Mesurable annual goals -Positive, student oriented and relevant 3. Short-term objectives or benchmarks -Logical and sequential series to provide a general plan of instruction |
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What is the role of a classroom teacher with a student's IEP?
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-Take part in IEP meeting
-Reference IEP throughout the year |
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What is an IIP?
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Inclusion and Intervention plan
-Current documentation for the process used to provide supports to students with intensive learning needs/ A diagnosis is not required, and is, indeed, not helpful in providing additional supports and intensive planning. |
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What are the three levels of an Inclusion and Intervention plan?
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-Intensive Individual Intervention
-Targeted/Group Interventions -Classroom-based/School-wide interventions |
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How are Response to Intervention (RTI) and Positive Behavioural Intervention and Supports different (PBIS)
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blank
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What are the three approaches to meeting the needs of all students?
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1. Special Education Classroom Approach
2. The Resource Room (Itinerate Teacher) Approach 3. The Inclusion Approach |
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What are some Pros of the Special Education Classroom?
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-Education is provided by teachers with special Ed. training
-Smaller classes -Less need for a wide range in content and instructional strategies |
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What are some Cons of the Special Education Classroom?
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-Students do not get the experience of learning with other students whom have different learning strengths and needs different from their own
-Isolated -More 'identified' needs means more programs |
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What are the Pros of the Resource Room?
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-Students have an opportunity to interact with a wide variety of students for part of the day
-Students are more part of the school community -Students have more than one teacher -Reduced teacher isolation |
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What are the Cons of the Resource Room?
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-Pull-out programs are disruptive
-Students may be ostracized -Communication between resource teacher and classroom teacher can be difficult -Different strategies can be confusing for students -Students may miss some subjects while away |
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What are the Pros of Inclusion?
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-Opportunities for social inclusion
-Ease in accessing the general curriculum -Academic Improvement -Students with exceptionalities gain experience too |
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What are the Cons of Inclusion?
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-Students may get bullied
-Lack of funding -Teacher training isn't sufficient -Parent Interfering -Students not knowing how to interact |
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Which is the most preferred approach that is beneficial to all students?
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Inclusion
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What are methods that enhance inclusion?
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-Sense of community and social acceptance
-Appreciation of student diversity -Attention to curricular needs -Effective management and instruction -Personnel support and collaboration -Ongoing evaluation |
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How can teachers appreciate student diversity?
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-Recognize and respond to a student's educational needs
-Relate sensitively to cultural, community, and family values -Recognize and celebrate different types of diversity in the classroom |
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What are the four key elements of classroom practice beneficial to meeting the needs of diverse learners?
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-Classroom management
-Effective Instruction -Accommodative practices and assistive technology -Instructional flexibility |
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What are the four major roles teaches play in assessment?
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1. Consumers of information
2. Developers of instruments 3. Producers of information 4. Communicators of information |
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What is the purpose of assessment?
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Assessment is critical in each of the major phases of the planning process:
-Screening -Identification of areas requiring support -Program Planning -Measuring student outcomes |
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What are the four approaches of assessment?
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-Observation
-Recollection -Record or portfolio review -Testing |
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What is assessment?
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The process of collecting information about a particular student to determine strengths and areas requiring support for programming purposes. Not eligibility for special services.
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What is testing?
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The component of the assessment process where specific questions are asked of an individual and a response is recorded.
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What is an Response to Intervention (RTI)?
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RTI was originally created as an alternate approach to determining if a student has a learning disability.
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What does an RTI include?
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It's a combination of high quality, culturally and linguistically responsive instruction and assessment, and evidence-based intervention.
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What are the benefits of an RTI implementation?
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-Contributes to more meaningful identification of learning and behavioural problems
-Improves instructional quality -Provides all students with the best opportunities to succeed in school -Assists with the identification of a learning disabilities and other disabilities |
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What is Positive Behavioural Intervention and Support (PBIS)?
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PBIS is an approach for enhancing the adoption and implementation of a continuum of evidence-based interventions to achieve academically and behaviourally important outcomes for all students while preventing problem behaviour.
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Social behaviour in RTI
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Problem behaviour is considered as a possible cause of lower academic achievement
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Academic Achievement in PBIS
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Difficulty with academics is considered a possible cause of problem behaviour
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What is a Positive School Climate?
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-Maximizes academic engagement and achievement
-Minimizes rates of rule violating behaviours -Encourages acts of respect -Organizes school functions to be more efficient, effective, and relevant -Improves supports for students with disabilities and those at risk of educational failure |
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What are ineffective approaches to problem behaviour?
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-Get tough
-Train and hope |
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What is the best approach to prevent problem behaviour?
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To teach prosocial behaviour and arrange opportunities for occurrences of prosocial behaviour to be positively acknowledged or reinforced.
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What the steps to a school-wide system?
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-Identify a common purpose and approach to discipline
-Define a clear set of positive expectations and behaviours -Implement procedures for teaching expected behaviour -Differentiate supports from a continuum of procedures for encouraging expected behaviour -Differentiate supports from a continuum of procedures for discouraging inappropriate heavier Implement procedures for on-going monitoring and evaluation |
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What are some effective classroom Management systems?
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-Teach and encourage classroom-wide positive expectations
-Teach and encourage classroom routines and cues -Use a ratio of 5 positives to 1 negative adult-student interaction -Plan for active supervision -Redirect for minor, infrequent behaviour errors -Pre-correct chronic errors frequently |
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What are the five components of self-regulation?
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-Regulation of arousal
-Emotional regulation -Behavioural regulation -Social & Co-regulation -Academic self-regulate |
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What are the three components of the classroom environment?
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-Naturalness
-Individualization -Appropriate Level of Stimulation |
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What is "individual student" systems?
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-Tailor function-based behaviour support planning
-Use team and data-based decision-making -Utilize comprehensive person-centered planning and wraparound processes -Deliver social skills and self-management instruction -Implement individualized instructional and curricular accommodations |
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What do we know about behaviour?
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-It is learned
-Occurrences are linked to environmental factors -Change occurs through manipulation of environmental factors |
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What is evidence based practice?
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-Based on outcomes
-Monitor effectiveness, efficiency, relevance, and durability -Utilize a function based approach |
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Define intellectual disability.
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An impaired ability to learn that sometimes cause difficulty in coping with the demands of daily life. Usually present from birth. Differs from mental or psychiatric illness.
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Approximately how many Canadians have an intellectual disability?
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1 million Canadians (3%)
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What are characteristics of a Mild disability?
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-Will learn to do some academics but at a slower pace and to a lower level of conceptual difficulty
-May transition to sheltered employment or to jobs that are repetitious and/or near to locations where employees can seek support |
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What are characteristics of moderate to severe disabilities?
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-Will only learn to read a few functional words and some functional math and other subject areas
-May transition to sheltered employment or have supervision from a job coach |
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Vast majority of adults with intellectual disabilities can obtain and maintain gainful employment, what are some factors that influence successful employment?
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-Personal and Social behaviours appropriate to the work environment
-Quality of transition programming -Demands of workplace |
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What are the goals that should guide the educational programs of students with mild intellectually impairments?
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-Productive employment
-Independence and self-sufficiency -Life skills competency -Opportunity to participate successfully within the school and community |
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What is supported education?
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Assumes that individuals should be maintained in inclusive classroom settings to maximum degree possible and supported in those locations to ensure successful learning.
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What are some supports for supported education?
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-Personal supports to do and to learn how to do
-Natural supports -Support services -Technical supports |
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What is the adaptive dimension in core curriculum?
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-Has been defined as the concept of making adjustments in approved educational programs to accommodate diversity in student learning
-Is not an 'add on' but is essential |
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Students who are gifted continue to be:
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-Under-identified
-Underserved -Inappropriately served |
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Gifted students are often not identified because?
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-Teachers may not be aware of the characteristics of giftedness
-Ineffective assessment practices |
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Gifted
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Term used to refer to students with exceptional abilities. Some professionals restrict the use of this term to individuals who display high levels of intelligence.
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What are the three differently ways to understand gifts and talents?
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-Renzull's three-ring conception of giftedness
-Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence -Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences |
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Renzulli's Three-Ring Conception of Giftedness
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Considers the interaction of three interlocking clusters of traits as essential elements associated with outstanding accomplishments
-High Ability (Intelligence) -High Creativity -High task commitment |
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Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
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Includes three types of abilities
1. Analytic 2. Synthetic 3. Practical All individuals demonstrate some blend of these three abilities. Gifted individuals show high ability in one or more of these areas. |
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Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
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Theory that there are many different types of intelligences, rather than a single, general factor common in all individuals. 8 intelligences.
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Multiple Intelligences theory is attractive because?
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-It acknowledges some ability areas that are frequently overlooked
-It recognizes the importance of different types of intelligences |
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Creativity is.....
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A form of intelligence characterized by advanced divergent thinking skills and the development of original ideas and responses
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Factors contributing to giftedness are?
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-Genetics
-Other biological factors (ex. nutrition) -Environment in which the child is raised |
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Culturally different students who are gifted have four major needs....
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-Nontraditional measures for identification
-Recognition of cultural attributes and factors in deciding on identification procedures -A focus on strengths in nonacademic areas -Programs that capitalize on non-cognitive skills that enhance motivation |
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Differentiated programming is....
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An instructional approach that requires various curricula or programs for different students in the same classroom
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What are the three approaches to programming?
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1. Acceleration
2. Enrichment 3.Special Grouping |
