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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Criteria for autism
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6 symptoms: 2+ in Category 1 = soc interaction,
1+ in Category 2 = communication, 1+ in Category 3 = stereotyped behavior, PRIOR to 3 yrs = abnormal soc interaction, soc language or imaginative play |
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Phenlketonuria (PKU)
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Rare recessive gene syndrome, unable to metabolize amino acid phenylalanine in high-protein foods.
Produces mental retardation, impaired motor & language dev & erratic behaviors. |
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Down Syndrome
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"trisomy 21" due to extra chromosome.
Cause of 10-30% of all cases of mod to severe retardation. |
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Differential for mental retardation
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borderline intellectual functioning IQ = 71-84.
BUT could be retardation if IQ < 75 PLUS deficits in adaptive functioning. |
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Types of learning disorders (3)
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Reading, Mathematics Disorder, Written Expression.
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Types of communication disorders (4)
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Expressive Language Disorder, Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder, Phonological Disorder, and Stuttering
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Types of pervasive developmental disorders (4)
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Autistic Disorder,
Rett's Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, and Asperger's Disorder. |
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Gender differences in rates of autism
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4 - 5 times more common in males
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treatment for autism
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shaping & discrimination training (Lovaas, 1960s)
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Rett's Disorder
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Characteristic pattern of symptoms FOLLOWING 5+ MONTHS OF NORMAL DEVELOPMENT lasting for 5 months +
head growth deceleration, loss of purposeful hand skills, stereotypical hand movements, impairments in gait, loss of interest in social environment, impaired language development, psychomotor retardation. |
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Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
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developmental regression in 2 areas of development, FOLLOWING 2+ YEARS OF NORMAL DEVELOPMENT
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Asperger's Disorder
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Severe impairment in social interactions, restricted behaviors / interests, normal intelligence, good verbal skills with NO DELAYS IN LANGUAGE, COGNITIVE SKILLS etc.
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Indicator for favorable prognosis in Autism
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verbal communication by age 5 or 6, Qu = 70+, later onset symptoms.
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ADHD very common with comorbid ___________
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conduct disorder
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ADHD: Gender ratio
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2 - 9 times more common in boys.
More equal gender ratio with Inattentive Type. More equal gender ratio in adults. |
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ADHD: distinguishing characteristic
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Fluctuation of symptoms in different settings.
Sx more likely in situations that are: familiar, highly repetitive, highly structured with no regular feedback. |
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ADHD: behavioral disinhibition hypothesis
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Inability to regulate behavior to fit situational demands.
Hypothesis supported by fluctuation of sx in diff settings. |
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Ritalin
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CNS stimulant methylphenidate
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Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders (3)
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ADHD, Conduct Disorder, and Oppositional Defiant Disorder
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Conduct Disorder
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Pattern of behaviors that violate rights of others and/or age-appropriate social rules.
Childhood-onset type (<10 yrs) Adolescent-onset type (>10 yrs) life-course persistent type Adolescence-limited type |
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder
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pattern of negativistic, defiant, and hostile behaviors toward authority figures
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Other Disorders of Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence
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Separation Anxiety Disorder, Selective Mutism,
Reactive Attachment Disorder,and Stereotypic Movement Disorder. |
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Separation Anxiety Disorder
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< 18 yrs, 4+ weeks 3 characteristic behaviors.
DIFF DIAG - school refusal (can be a sign of depression during adolescence) |
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Reactive Attachment Disorder
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Developmentally inappropriate social relatedness, onset <5 yrs , there must be evidence of pathogenic care.
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Delirium: diagnosis
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1. disturbance in consciousness 2. change in cognition and/or perceptual abnormalities.
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Delirium: high risk groups (5)
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1. Elderly people with decreased cerebral reserve due to dementia.
2. stroke 3. HIV 4. postcardiotomy patients 5. burn patients 6. people with drug dependence experiencing withdrawal |
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Dementia: diagnosis
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multiple cognitive deficits that include:
1. some memory impairment 2. aphasia, apreaxia, agnosis, and/or impaired executive functioning |
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aphasia
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Deterioration in language functioning:
difficulty naming people and objects, and difficulty understanding written and spoken language. |
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apraxia
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difficulty executing motor actions e.g. unable to dress
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agnosia
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Inability to recognize and identify familiar objects and people.
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executive functioning
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Abstract thinking,
trouble shooting, initiating behaviors, monitoring behavior, and stopping complex behaviors. |
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Dementia: differentials
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1. age-related cognitive declines
2. mental retardation (< 18 yrs) 3. major depressive disorder |
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Alzheimer's: stages
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Stage 1 (1-3 yrs) anterograde amnesia, wandering, irritability, sadness.
Stage 2 (2-10 yrs) retrograde amnesia, flat mood, agitation, delusions. Stage 3 (8-12 yrs) severely deteriorated intellectual functioning, limb rigidity, incontinence. |
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Dementia: Types (e.g. Dementia Due to…)
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1. Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type
2. Vascular Dementia 3. Dementia Due to HIV Disease 4. Dementia Due to Parkinson's Disease 5. Dementia Due to Huntington's Disease |
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Dementia: % caused by Alzheimer's Type
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65%
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Dementia Alzheimer's Type: possible causes
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1. genetics (chromosome 21)
2. aluminum deposits in brain tissues 3. malfunctioning immune system 4. low level ACh |
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Vascular Dementia: risk factors
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1. hypertension
2. diabetes 3. cigarette smoking 4. atrial fibrillation |
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Vascular Dementia
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caused by arteriosclerosis or other cerebrovascular disease
course is stepwise & fluctuating |
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Dementia Due to Parkinson's Disease
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1. Bradykinesia
2. rigidity resting tremor 3. mask like expression 4. loss of coordination |
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bradykinesia
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Extreme slowness of movement
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akathesis
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Inability to sit still
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Dementia Due to Huntington's Disease
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30 - 40 yrs sx fall into 3 categories: affective, cognitive , and motor.
Often starts with depression, irritability, apathy. |
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apathy
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absence of feeling or enthusiasm
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Marlatt & Gordon re: Substance Dependence
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relapse prevention program dealing with high risk situations
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Substance Dependence
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3 symptoms in 12 months
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Substance Abuse
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1 symptom in 12 months
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Substance-Induced Disorders (5)
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1. Alcohol Intoxication
2. Alcohol Withdrawal 3. Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium 4. Alcohol-Induced Dementia 5. Alcohol-Induced Persistic Amnestic Disorder (Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome |
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Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
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Alcohol-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder
retrograde & anterograde amnesia, confabulation, abnormal eye movements. Due to thiamine deficiency. |
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Schizophrenia
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disturbance for 6+ months
1+ month of >2 active-phase symptoms |
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Schizophrenia: Active phase symptoms
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a. delusions
b. hallucinations c. disorganized speech d. grossly disorganized behavior e. negative symptoms |
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Schizophrenia: age of onset
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Men: 18 - 25 yrs
Women: 25 - 35 yrs |
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Schizophrenia: Concordance rate of biological sibling
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10%
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Schizophrenia: Biological theories
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a. enlarged ventricles
b. dopamine hypothesis (elevated) c. elevated norepinephrine & serotonin |
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Schizophrenia: Treatment
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Antipsychotic medication
Side effect = tardive dyskinesia (TD) Atypical antipsychotics (e.g. clozapine) dec chances of TD & reduces neg. symptoms |
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Delusional Disorder
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1+ month of 1+ nonbizarre delusion
psychosocial functioning not markedly impaired |
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Delusional Disorder subtypes (7)
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1. erotomanic
2. grandiose 3. jealous 4. persecutory 5. somatic 6. mixed 7. unspecified |
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Brief Psychotic Disorder
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Same active symptoms of schizophrenia BUT for 1-30 days.
Often follows overwhelming stressor. |
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Manic Episode
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1+ week elevated mood, plus
3 symptoms marked impairment and/or hospitalization. |
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Hypomanic Episode
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4+ days elevated mood, plus
3 symptoms NO marked impairment or hospitalization |
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Depression: Biological theories
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1. Catecholamine hypothesis deficiency in norepinephrine
2. Indolamine hypothesis deficiency in serotonin 3. permissive theory serotonin interacts with other neurotransmitters to produce depression 4. elevated levels of cortisol (stress hormone) |
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Depression: Pharmacological tx
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TCAs = classic depression with vegetative symptoms, acute onset & short duration of sx.
SSRIs = melancholic depression, fewer side effects than TCAs or MAOIs. MAOIs = TCAs & SSRIs don't work, atypical depressions. |
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Dysthymic Disorder
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A. 2+ yrs depressed mood (adults)
1+ yr depressed mood (children) B. <2 months symptom-free C. no depression episode in first 2 yrs of disturbance |
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Bipolar I Disorder
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1+ manic or mixed episodes
without hx major dep episode |
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Bipolar II Disorder
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1+ major dep episode
AND 1+ Hypomanic episode NEVER had manic or mixed episode |
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Cyclothymic Disorder
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2+ years fluctuating hypomanic sx and depressive sx
note: 1 yr for kids |
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Panic Disorder: Pharmacotherapy
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imipramine (TCA)
SSRIs |
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PTSD: characteristic symptoms
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A. reexperiencing of trauma
B. avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma C. symptoms of increased arousal |
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delayed onset PTSD
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Onset of sx occur after 3 months of event
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Acute Stress Disorder
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PTSD sx BUT duration is 2 days to 4 weeks
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Somatoform Disorders: main characteristic
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A. physical symptoms suggesting a medical disorder
B. NOT intentionally produced |
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Somatoform Disorder: Types (6)
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a. somatization disorder
b. conversion disorder c. pain disorder d. hypochondriasis e. BDD f. undifferentiated somatoform disorder |
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Somatization Disorder
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A. recurrent multiple somatic complaints for several yrs
B. 4 pain sx C. 2 gastrointestinal sx D. 1 sexual sx E. 1 pseudoneurological sx onset <30 yrs age |
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Conversion Disorder
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Sx that suggest a serious neurological or medical condition
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Conversion Disorder: Etiological mechanisms (2)
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1. primary gain keeping inner conflict out of consciousness
2. secondary gain avoiding unpleasant activity or obtaining support |
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Conversion Disorder: differential diagnosis
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1. Factitious Disorder
2. Malingering |
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Factitious Disorder
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intentional sx to fulfill a need for a sick role
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Malingering
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intentional sx to obtain external reward
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Munchausen's Syndrome by Proxy
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A factitious disorder where sx in child intentionally caused by his parent(s)
sx absent in parent's absence |
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Dissociative Disorder: Types (4)
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1. dissociative amnesia
2. dissociative fugue 3. dissociative identity disorder 4. depersonalization disorder |
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Dyspareunia
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genital pain associated with sexual intercourse
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Vaginismus
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involuntary spasms of vaginal muscle, interfering with intercourse
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Paraphilia
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intense recurrent sexual urges, fantasies or behaviors involving nonhuman objects, suffering, children or other nonconsenting partners
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Dyssomnias vs. Parasomnias
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Dys - disturbances in sleep amount, quality or timing
Paras - behavioral or physiological abnormalities, where focus is event, not sleep quality |
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Anorexia Nervosa: subtypes (2)
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1. restricting type
2. binge-eating/purging type |
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Bulimia Nervosa
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a. compensatory behavior twice a week
b. for 3 months or longer NORMAL weight range |
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Personality Disorders: Cluster A (3)
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a. Paranoid
b. Schizoid c. Schizotypal |
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Personality Disorders: Cluster B (4)
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a. Antisocial
b. Borderline c. Histrionic d. Narcissistic |
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Personality Disorders: Cluster C (3)
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a. Avoidant
b. Dependent c. Obsessive-Compulsive |