Epidemiology Test 2 On Chapter 3&4

Front 1

Two Vital Concerns of Epidemiology

Back 1

1) the quality of the data
2) appropriate application of the data

Front 2

Primary Source

Back 2

documents or physical objects that are created or written during the course of a study.

Front 3

Secondary Source

Back 3

interprets and analyzes primary sources. Usually are one or more steps removed from the event.

Front 4

4 questions that should be raised with respect to the quality of epidemiological data:

Back 4

1. What is the nature of the data including sources and content.
2. How accessible if the data.
3. How complete is the population coverage.
4. What are the appropriate and inappropriate uses of the data.

Front 5

Representativeness/External validity

Back 5

the generalizability of the findings to the population the data was taken from.

Front 6

Vital Events

Back 6

birth, death, marriage, divorce, and fetal death.

Front 7

Death certificate data includes:

Back 7

1. demographic factors
2. date and location
3. Causes of death

Front 8

Factors that affect the quality of epidemiologic data:

Back 8

1. quality is determined by the sources used to obtain the data and how complete the data covers the reference population.
2. The quality of data affects the permissible application of the data and the types of statistical analysis that may be performed.

Front 9

Public Health Surveillance

Back 9

The systematic and continuous gathering of info about the occurrence of diseases and other health related phenomena.

Front 10

Syndromic Surveillance

Back 10

Using health-related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response.

Front 11

Reportable or Notifiable Disease

Back 11

STIs
measles
tetanus
rubella
plague
food borne illness

Front 12

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance

Back 12

Used by the US and the state level to monitor behavioral risk factors that are related to chronic disease.

Front 13

Registry

Back 13

A centralized database for collection of info about a disease

Front 14

Register

Back 14

The document used to collect the data the information on the disease.

Front 15

Life Expectancy

Back 15

the number of years that a person is expected to live at any particular year.

Front 16

Maternal Mortality

Back 16

The number of deaths related to childbirth divided by the number of live births.

Front 17

Fetal Mortality

Back 17

deaths of a fetus that occur while still in uterus before delivery.

Front 18

Fetal Death rate

Back 18

number of deaths after 20 weeks of gestation divided by the number of live births + the number of deaths after 20 weeks of gestation.

Front 19

Late Fetal death Rate

Back 19

number of deaths after 28 weeks of gestation divided by the nuber of live births + the number of fetal deaths after 28 weeks or more of gestation.

Front 20

Crude Birth Rates

Back 20

The number of live births divided by the population at midpoint of the year

Front 21

Spatial clustering

Back 21

Aggregation of events in a geographic region

Front 22

general fertility rate

Back 22

The number of live births divided by the number of women aged 15-44 at the midpoint of the year.

Front 23

perinatal mortality rate

Back 23

number of late fetal deaths after 28 weeks of gestation plus the infant deaths within 7 days of birth divided by the number of live births + the number of late fetal deaths.

Front 24

Descriptive Epidemiology

Back 24

the occurrence of disease according to the variables of person, place, and time.

Front 25

Descriptive Epidemiology provides valuable information for:

Back 25

disease prevention
design of interventions
conduct of additional research

Front 26

A descriptive Epidemiologic study:

Back 26

is concerned with characterizing the amount and distribution of health and disease within a population.

Front 27

Aims of descriptive epidemiology

Back 27

1. evaluate trends in health and disease.
2. basis of planning and evaluating health services.
3. identify problems to be studied and suggest areas that may be fruitful for investigation.

Front 28

Case reports

Back 28

Look and a single occurrence of a noteworthy health-related incident or a small collection of such events.

Front 29

Case series

Back 29

A larger occurrence of a disease.

Front 30

cross-sectional studies

Back 30

an investigation that examines the relationship between diseases and other variables of interest as they exist in a defined population at a specific time. A type of prevalence study

Front 31

Person variables

Back 31

Age
Sex
Race/Ethnicity
Socioeconomic status
marital status
nativity

Front 32

Point Epidemic

Back 32

the response of a group of people in a specific place to a common source of infection, contamination, or other etiologic factor to which they were exposed almost simultaneously.

Front 33

5 major race/ethnicity categories in the census.

Back 33

white
black/african american
american indian/alaska native
asian
native hawaiian/ pacific islander

Front 34

nativity

Back 34

place of origin. subdivisions are foreign born and native born

Front 35

socioeconomic status

Back 35

a person's position in society that is oftentimes based on a persons income level, education level, and type of job

Front 36

social class gradient

Back 36

an association of SES with levels of morbidity and mortality with those at the lowest SES level confronted with the highest morbidity and mortality from numerous causes.

Front 37

health disparities

Back 37

differences in the occurrence of diseases and adverse health conditions in the population.

Front 38

place variables

Back 38

international
national
urban-rural differences
localized patterns of diseases

Front 39

Secular Trends

Back 39

gradual changes in the frequency of diseases over long time periods

Front 40

Cyclic Trends

Back 40

increases and decreases in the frequency of a disease over a period of several years or within a year.

Front 41

Clustering

Back 41

a closely related group series of events or cases of a disease with well defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place.

Front 42

temporal clustering

Back 42

the occurrence of events related to time.