Eomt - Chapter 9 Nervous System

Front 1

Nervous system
Major functions

Back 1

sensory
integrative
motor

Front 2

nervous system - parts (2)

Back 2

central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Front 3

CNS

Back 3

spinal cord - body's information superhighway

brain - information processing center

Front 4

PNS

Back 4

consists of nerve tissue (nerves)

nerves are made of cells called neurons

Made up of sensory and motor neurons

Front 5

Sensory neurons

Back 5

detect external and internal environment influences and cary sensory impulses about those influences to the brain

Front 6

Motor neurons

Back 6

carry motor impulses from the brain to parts of the body

Results in some sort of movement

Front 7

Divisons of the nervous system

Back 7

CNS - spinal cord, brain
PNS - sensory and motor nerves
Neurons - cells that make up nerves

Front 8

Sensory function

Back 8

detects changes inside and outside the body
information is transmitted to the spinal cord and brain

Front 9

integrative function

Back 9

performed by the brain

receives incoming information from the sensory system, processes it and initiates proper responses via motor system

Front 10

motor function

Back 10

implements the brain's instructions

a MOT or impulse is sent thru the motor neurons to the skeletal muscles or organ or gland.

Motor impulses stimulate initiation of some needed change.

Front 11

effector

Back 11

muscle, organ or gland that effects the change required by the motor neuron (or nerve)r

Front 12

types of nerve cells

Back 12

neurons
neuroglia

Front 13

neuroglia

Back 13

between the neurons

protect neurons by engulfing unwanted substances by phagocytosis

Provides nutrients by attaching blood vessels to neurons

Front 14

neuron

Back 14

varies in size - some 3 feet long

contains:
cell body
axon
many dendrites

Front 15

cell body (of neuron)

Back 15

maintains the neuron

Front 16

axon

Back 16

transmits electrical impulses

some covered by myelin sheath - increases speed of electrical impulses
(myelinated)

Front 17

dendrites

Back 17

look like branches of a tree

responsible for receiving information from internal and externals environments and transmitting to the cell body

Front 18

White matter

Back 18

Myelinated axons
Sheath appears white

Front 19

Grey matter

Back 19

Non-myelinated axons
no sheath
appear grey

Front 20

Synapses

Back 20

junction used for transmission between neurons to other neurons or muscles

Front 21

effector

Back 21

muscle, organ or gland that effects the change required by the motor neuron (or nerve)

Front 22

types of nerve cells

Back 22

neurons
neuroglia

Front 23

neuroglia

Back 23

betweenthe neurons

protect neurons by engulfing unwanted substances by phagocytosis

Provides nutrients by attaching blood vessels to neurons

Front 24

neuron

Back 24

varies in size - some 3 feet long

contains:
cell body
axon
many dendrites

Front 25

cell body (of neuron)

Back 25

maintains the neuron

Front 26

axon

Back 26

transmits electrical impulses

some covered by myelin sheath - increases speed of electrical impulses
(myelinated)

Front 27

dendrites

Back 27

look like branches of a tree

responsible for receiving information from internal and externals environments and transmitting to the cell body

Front 28

White matter

Back 28

Myelinated axons
Sheath appears white

Front 29

Grey matter

Back 29

Non-myelinated axons
no sheath
appear grey

Front 30

Synapses

Back 30

junction used for transmission between neurons to other neurons or muscles

Front 31

neurotransmitter

Back 31

chemical released in response to electrical impulse

released from a little sac at the end of the neuron

Front 32

parts of the brain (5)

Back 32

cerebrum
thalamus
hypothalamus
brain stem
cerebellum

Front 33

thalamus

Back 33

relay station for sensory and motor impulses

Front 34

hypothalamus

Back 34

regulates:
appetite
thirst
emotions
basic behavior patterns

associated with endocrine system

Front 35

brain stem contains

Back 35

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

Involved in basic life functions - arousal, respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, audio/visual reflexes

non-vital reflexes
coughing
sneezing
swallowing

Front 36

brain stem controls

Back 36

visual an dauditory reflexes
respiration
heart rate
blood pressure
arousal

Front 37

cerebellum

Back 37

maintains balance
muscle coordination
equilibrium

under the occipital bone
protrudes dorsally

Front 38

lobes of the cerebrum

Back 38

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

Front 39

Cerebrum construction

Back 39

covered by the cerebral cortex which is divided into left and right hemispheres by longitudinal fissures and joined by the corpus callosum

Front 40

cerebrum functions

Back 40

Receives sensory impulses from peripheral nerves
Initiates motor impulses to
the viscera (mainly muscles)
SIte of intellectual functioning

Front 41

ancient brain
animal brain

Back 41

brain stem

Front 42

spinal cord

Back 42

nerves encased within the vertebrae for protection

medulla oblongata
vertebrae
conus medullaris

nerves extend from there - cauda equina

Front 43

spinal nerves

Back 43

31 pair

extend bi-laterally
8 - cervicl
12 - thoracic
5 - lumbar
5 - sacral
1 - coccygeal

Front 44

protective membranes

Back 44

meninges

dura mater - tough, outer layer
arachnoid membrane - middle layer
pia mater - inner layer

Front 45

CNS protection

Back 45

scalp
perosteum
skull bone
dura mater
sub-sural space
arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space - contains cerebrospinal fluid
pia mater

Front 46

cerebrospinal fluid
CSF

Back 46

continuously circulated within:
subarachnoid space (brain and spinal cord)
in the central canal
in hollow cavities inside the brain (ventricles)

Front 47

blood-brain barrier
BBB

Back 47

protective mechanism that prevents toxic substances from entering the brain
allows necessary substances such as oxygen and glucose to enter

Front 48

CNS
4 protections

Back 48

bone
meninges
CSF
BBB

Front 49

peripheral nervous system

Back 49

PNS

12 pair of cranial nerves

31 pair of spinal nerves

Front 50

spinal nerves

Back 50

named given reflect the artery closest to them OR the organ or structure that they serve.

Front 51

types of brain tumors (2)

Back 51

gliomas
meningiomas

Front 52

brain tumor

Back 52

neoplasm

Front 53

malignant brain tumor

Back 53

gliomas

fast or slow growing

do not metastasize - calls cannot pass through the cranium

Front 54

benign brain tumor

Back 54

meningiomas

outside the brain but inside the cranium

slow growing

Front 55

treatments for brain tumors

Back 55

surgical removal
followed by chemotherapy (kill cancer using drugs) and
radiotherapy (kill cancer using radiation)

Front 56

MS
multiple sclerosis

Back 56

condition where the myelin sheath covering axons in the brain and spine is destroyed - demyelination

prevents impulses from being transmitted through the axon

results - muscle weakness, paraesthesia, visual problems, tremors, paralysis and other disabilities

Front 57

PD
Parkinson's disease

Back 57

results in slow movement (bradykinesia)
muscular rigidity
resting tremors (shaking)

cause unknown

Front 58

Seizure disorders
Epilepsy

Back 58

disorganized
uncoordinated
excessive electrical impulses
can be caused by epilepsy

Most seizures are idiopathic (cause unknown)
known causes are
pyrexia (high fever)
brain tumors
infections of the CNS