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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the innermost zone of the planet?
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The Core which is made up of nickel and some iron.
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Asthenosphere
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located in the outer part of the mantle, and is composed of semi milton ductile rock.
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The brittle outermost layer of the planet
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lithosphere approximately 60 miles deep
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Crust
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the chemically distinct outermost layer of the lithosphere
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Earths Geologic cycle consists of three major processes
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Tectonic, rock, and soil formation
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German Meteorologist named Alfred Wegener Hypothesised what?
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that the word's continents were once joined in a single landmass called pangaea
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Plate tectonics
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states that the earths lithosphere is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion
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Tectonic cycle
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is the sum of the processes that build up and break down the lithosphere.
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Subduction
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process where plate passes under another one
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How is a Volcano formed and what is it
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Plates that move over geologic hot spot, heat from the rising mantle plume melts the crust, forming a volcano: a vent in earths surface that emits ash, gases, and milton lava.
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what are three types of plate contact
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Divergent plate boundaries, convergent, and transform fault boundaries
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Seafloor spreading
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Production of new lithosphere
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Convergent plate boundaries
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form where plates move toward one another and collide.. responsible for making mountains
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Transform fault boundary
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when plates move sideways past each other
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fault
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a fracture in rock across which there is movement
- the rock around this is very jagged |
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fault zones
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large expanses of rock where movement has occurred, form in the brittle upper lithosphere where twwo plates meet.
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Epicenter
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an earthquake is the exact point on the surface of earth directly above the location where the rock ruptures.
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Rock cycle
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the constant formation and destruction of rock
-slowest of all earths cycles |
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what is a mineral
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solid chemical substances with uniform structures that form under specific temperatures and pressures.
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What are the three distinct rock types?
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Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock
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Igneous rocks
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formed from magma (directly)
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there are two major categories of weathering
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Physical and chemical
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Erosion is
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the physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem
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What are the 5 factors that determine properties of soil
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Parent material, climate, topography,organisms, and time
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What is the top soil? what does it contain
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A horizon a mixture of organic material and mineral that have been mixed together
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B horizon
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Subsoil composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter. if there are nutrients in the soil, they will be present in the B horizon.
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Texture
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the texture of the soil is determined by the amount of salt silt and clay
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soil degradation
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the loss of some or all of the ability of soils to support plant growth
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As the earth slowly cooled,
a. lighter elements sank to the core and heavier elements moved to the surface b. lighter elements mixed with heavier elements and sank to the core c.lighter elements mixed with heavier elements and moved to the surface d.lighter elements moved to the surface and heavier elements sank to the core. e.lighter and heavier elements dispersed evenly from the core to the suface |
D. lighter elements moved to the surface and heavier elements sank to the core
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Evidence for the theory of plate tectonics includes
a. large deposits of copper ore b.identical rock formations on both sides of the atlantic c. fossils of the same species on distant continents 1. a only 4. a and b only 2. a and c only 5. a, b, and c 3. b and c only |
3. b and c
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Which type of mining is usually most directly harmful to miners ?
a. mountaintop removal b. open-pit mining c placer mining d strip mining e subsurface mining |
E. Subsurface mining: Subsurface mining is a dangerous occupation. hazards to miners include accidental burial, explosions, and fires. In addition the inhalation of gases and particles over long periods can lead to a number oc respiratory diseases, including black lung disease and asbestosis, a for of lung cancer.
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At which type of boundary do tectonic plates move sideways past each other?
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Transform fault boundary
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At which type of boundary does subduction occur?
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Convergent plate boundary
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At which type of boundary does seafloor spreading occur?
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Divergent plate boundary
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Which term refers to the point on the earths surface directly above an earthquake ?
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Epicenter
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The soil horizon commonly known as subsoil is the..
a. A horizon b. O horizon c. B Horizon d. C horizon e. E horizon |
C. B horizon (subsoil)
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Tragedy of the commons
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is the tendency of a shared, limited resource to become depleted because people act from self interest for short-term gain.
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Maximum sustainable yield (MSY)
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the maximum amount that can be harvested without compromising the future availability of that resource.
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The four major public land management agencies in the united states operate under the principle of multiple use. which of the following uses is common to all four agencies lands?
a. hunting b mining c grazing d timber harvesting e recreation |
E. recreation
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Externality
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is a cost or benefit of a pod or service that is not included in the purchase price of that good or service.
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Electrical Grid
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connects all power plants together and links them with end users of electricity.
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Combined cycle
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natural gas-fired power plant, which has two turnines and generators
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Cogeneration
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the use of a fuel to generate city and produce heat
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Thermal Inertia
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the ability for material to retain heat or cold
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Aquifers
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groundwater exists in the multitude of small spaces found within permeable layers of rock and sediment called aquifers
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Unconfined aquafiers
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many of theses aquifers are surrounded by porous rock covered with soil. because water can easily flow in and out of such aquifers
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Confined aquifers
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surrounded by a layer of impermeable rock or clay.
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Water table
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The uppermost level to which water in a given area fully saturates the rock or soil. The _____ is considered to be the surface of the ground water in an area.
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