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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the main function of the female reproductive system?
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To lay eggs and store sperm
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Where do paired ovaries lead?
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into a series of ducts
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Spermatheca
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Stores sperm
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Accessory glands
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Create cement, poison, milk, and more.
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Male reproductive system?
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Produce and store sperm, transport sperm to female, paired testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and accessory glands.
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Types of sense receptors
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Mechanical (mechanoreceptors), thermoreceptors, and chemoreception.
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Trichoid Sensilla
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Hairlike organs that sense movement, vibrations, and sound. Mechano.
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Sound reception
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MechanicalThin cuticular membrane, Tympana. Can be on any part of the insect.
Trichoid Sensilla Johnston's Organ + acoustic startle response. |
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Sound Production
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Most common is stridulation.
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Cricket sound production
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"file and "scraper" (orthoptera)
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Types of sounds
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Low frequency, tymbal sound production, buzzing sounds, wing vibration, and species/sex specific sounds.
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Thermoreception
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Detect temp change with antennae r feet.
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Thermoregulation
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Many need to increase or decrease their temperature. This is through behavior or physiologically regulating by contractions.
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Chemoreception
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Sensilla with holes/pores. Uniporous multiporous.
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Semiochemicals
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Pheromones - substance secreted to the outside and received by another of the same or different species.
Most are volatile. Some liquid. |
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Pheromones
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Sex pheromones - sex attractants (long distance), courtship (short distance). Mostly produces and released by females.
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What does luciferia/luciferase do?
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Light Production. For courtship, warning signals, symboint, mimicry, attract prey (glow worms with light-up silk).
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Most insect behavior is?
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Innate / instinctual. Genetically programed. Also environmentally or physiologically modified.
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Reproductive Behavior
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must first attract/meet the opposite sex.
ex. singing / light production. |
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What insects swarm to attract a mate?
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Mayflies, odenata, and flies (diptera)
Swarms are mostly male. Females fly in to mate. |
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Territorial mating
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Male holds a territory with no resources. Battles other males or does some mating display. Lek mating system.
ex. fruit fly holds a piece of fruit. |
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Resource mating
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Both male and female attracted to a resource.
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Pheromones
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Produced by females to attract males.
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Courtship behaviors
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usually when there is an excess of mates.
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Visual displays
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Courtship involving movement of antennae, dancing, body movement, color, or anatomical features.
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Physical displays
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Rubbing/stroking. Female must be prepped for mating. Acoustic displays. Nubtual gifts (mecoptera)
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Sexual selection
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Dimorphic, males develop secondary sex characteristics. Sometimes oppose natural selection (wide eyes for mating vs. close for survival)
Females generally select mate. Sometimes winner of combat. |
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What is the sexy son hypotheses?
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Having a handicap in life must be a sign of good genes.
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Runaway sexual selection
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external genitals to transfer sperm directly to female
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Spermatophores
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Ball of sperm / sperm packet inserted into female.
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Internal fertilization / indirect
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Pterygotes insert aedeagus "penis."
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Claspers are found in what?
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Pterygote males. Sperm is received by females into a copulatory pouch or spermatheca (bees, beetles, and flies).
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Seminal fluid does what?
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Keeps sperm alive, provides nutrients for females, induce females to make/lay eggs.
High quantities of seminal fluid makes females less receptive to mating with others. |
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Spermatophylax
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Protein filled ball which female eats and turns off her sex drive.
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Crickets and katydids
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Use a spermatophore with a spermatophylax.
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Mantids decapitate males during copulation.
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Males reproduce faster headless.
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Subesophageal ganglion
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Controls copulation
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What type of intercourse is used by bed bugs?
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Traumatic insemination. Male pierces body wall of female with aedeagus. Sperm goes into hemocoel. Sometimes tries to mate with other males and kills them in the process.
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Where can females store sperm
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Spermatheca
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How long can a honey bee store sperm?
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3+ years.
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Sperm competition
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different sperm shapes and behaviors were observed in mice.
Males develop devices to remove sperm or "plug" female with cement. |
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Oviparity
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egg laying oviparous.
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Oviposition
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process of eggs passing out of the female.
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Where is parental care seen?
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In social or aquatic insects.
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Where is the egg formed and what does it do?
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Formed in vitelline membrane + chorion. Protects embryo and provides gas exchange.
Eggs have cement. Ootheca (eggs laying sack on plants for winter) |
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What type of reproduction do most insects exhibit?
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Oviparous with egg laying.
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Some insects give live birth.
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Viviparous
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Ovoviparity
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eggs incubated in mother
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Pseudoplacental + viviparity
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Yold deficient egg. Seen in earwigs and aphids.
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Hemocoelus viviparity
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Embryos in hemolymph.
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Adenotrophic viviparity
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Producing poorly developed larvae. Accessory glands produce milky substrate. Seen in tsetse fly.
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Parthenogenesis
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Unfertilized egg production and development. Females produce all male or all female.
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Larval pedogenesis
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larvae produce young
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pupal pedogenesis
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pupal produce young
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Neoteny
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Adults retain juvenile traits.
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Hermaphroditism
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Possess both male and female sex organs. Can either self fertilize or switch on and off.
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Polyembryony
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2+ embryos from instars. 1 egg.
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Insect development
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Size is increased by molting (formation of cuticle)
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Ecdysis
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Shedding of the cuticle
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Discontinuous growth.
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Growth stages = instars.
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What is the stadium in insect development?
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Time between molts.
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Indeterminate growth?
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When insects continue to development until their death. Seen in soil insects. Collembola and apterygotes.
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Ephemoptera
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Only insect with subimiginal instar (instar that can fly and reproduce)
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Determinate growth
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Certain amount of molting marks the cessation of growth.
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What does the number of instars depend on?
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Environment and species.
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What are the 3 broad patterns of metamorphesis?
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Ametabolous, hemimetabolous, and holometabolous.
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Ametabolous
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Egg, mini adult (w/o genitalia), molts until it becomes an adult.
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Hemimetabolous
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Instar resembles adult. Wings not active. Instar = nymphs. Aquatic instar = nyad.
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Holometabolous
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Egg, larvae, pupa, adult.
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Larval types
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Polypod - cylindrical body, short thoracic legs.
Oligopod - lack abdominal prolegs. Apod - no legs. |
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In holometabolous adults, what happens to larvae during molting?
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Becomes a soup and molts into pupal instar. Thin coat or cocoon surrounds pupa.
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What are the two types of pupa?
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1. Exarate - Most insects. Form appendages not attached to body.
2. Obtect - appendages cemented to body. |
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What controls molting / metamorphosis.
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Juvenile hormone, ecdysones, and PTTH.
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Brain -> PTTH -> Corpora cardiaca (stores/releases PTTS to hymolymph) -> PTTH stimulates release of ecdysome.
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Path of PTTH
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Where is JH regulates
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Corpora allata
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What spikes begin the molting process?
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Ecdysome. High JH = larval molts. Low JH = pupa molts.
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