English Ch.4

Front 1

Language Family

Back 1

languages that were once one

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Cognate languages

Back 2

parts of language families

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Sammbaum theory

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languages are like a family tree

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Wellentheorie

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language changes in small areas then spreads out, accounts for the fact that geographically near languages are more similar than geographically far

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What does Stammbaum theory do?

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provides vocab for comparing languages

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native word

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has been in languages since beginning

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borrowed word/loanword

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has been introduced by another time and language

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dialect

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mutually intelligible versions of a language

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inflectional language

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inseparable inflections are fused with lexical systems to carry much of grammatical info

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examples of inflectional languages

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greek and latin

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agglutinative language

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grammatical morphemes are relatively unchanged and strung on to a lexical stem one after the other

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example of agglutinative language

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swahili and turkish

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isolating languages

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every morpheme forms seperable word and individual particles

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Who was the earliest to attempt to study language change?

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Grammatarian of Iceland

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Dante

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saw familiarities in Greek, Latin and Germanic languages

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Salinger

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refuted notion that hebrew was original language and divided languages of Europe into 11

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Salingers 11 European languages

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Slavic, German, Italic, Greek, Albanian, Tarter, Hungarian, Finnish, Irish, Welsh, Basque

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Sir William Jones

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Sanskrit, Latin, Greek, Germanic and Celtic languages related to a died out language

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Franz Bopp

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highly detailed comparison of verbal systems

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Rasmus Rask

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importance of systematic phonological changes and pointed out interrelationships among various members of IE family

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Schleischer

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historic linguistic is discipline, stammbaum theorie

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When was the earliest written record of IE

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1500

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When was IE spoken?

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5000 BC, late Stone Age people

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When did the language move to Europe and Asia and why?

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3000 BC, migration

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IE languages

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Satem, Centum, Indo-Iranian, Tocharian, Armenian, Anatolian, Balto-slavic, Hellenic, Albanian, Celtic, Italic, Germanic

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Where were satem languages spoken

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east

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where were centum languages

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west

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Indo-Iranian

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Sanskrit, pali, hindi, urdu, nepali, bengali, marathi, gujarati, panjabi, assamese, singhalese, romany, bihari, sindhi, punshi, augton, old persian,

Front 29

what were the vedas written in?

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sanskrit, old religious texts

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what were the oldest records written in?

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auguston

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what were the dialects of auguston

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afghan and ossetic

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Tocharian dialects

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A 7th century, B 5th century, distinct today

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Armenian

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written in great persian diaries, 2 brances: eastern and western

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Anatolian

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best documented in Hittite, due to bible and Egyptian records, cunieform

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dialects of anatolian

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luwian, palaic, lydian, lycian, hittite, hieroglyphs

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Balto-slavic

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Baltic and Slavic

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Baltic

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West (old prussian, extinct) 5th century, East (lithuanian and Latvian) 16th century

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Slavic

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earliest 9th century, east, west, south

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Bishops Cyril and Methodius

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translated religioous texts into Old Bulgarion/Old Church Slavonic and created Glagolitic alphabet

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East slavic

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Russian, Byelorussian, Ukranian

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West Slavic

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Polish, Czech, slovak, sorbian

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South

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slovenian, serbo-croation, bulgarian, macedonian

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Hellenic/greek

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Western (northwest and doric) Eastern (Attic-Ionic, Aeolic, Arcado-Cyprian)

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What was the dominant dialect of Hellenic

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Attic

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examples of hellenic texts

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Vase attic inscriptions and Iliad and Odyssey

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Albanian

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15th century, Gheg (north) and Tosk (south)

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Celtic

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5th century, Galvish (extinct), Insular Celtic

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Insular Celtic

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Goidelic, Britannic

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Goidelic

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4th century, Irish, Scots, Gaelic, Marx (extinct), Welsh

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Britannic

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Welsh, Cornish, Breton

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Italic

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Estruscan, Oscan, Umprian, Latin, Romance languages, Rhaeto-Romansch, Sardanian, Walloon

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Romantic Languages

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French, Italian, Spanish, Romanian

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Germanic

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East, West, North

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East Germanic

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all extinct, Gothic

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Bishop Ulfing

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translated bible to Gothic, invented special alphabet

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North Germanic

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Norse, Norwegion, Icelandic, Faroge, Swedish, Danish

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examples of North Germanic

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12th century - extensive texts

3rd century - runic inscriptions

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Western Germanic

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high German and Low German (geographically labeled)

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High German

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8th century, yiddish

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Low German

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7th century, Dutch, Afrikans, Luxemburgian, Friscan, English

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IE to GMC

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3000 BC (IE) - 100 BC (CGMC)

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prosidy

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rhythmic alternations of strongly and weakly accented syllables

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CIE Prosody

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accent based on pitch differences, could occur on any syllable

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Germanic Prosody

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replaced pitch accent with strong accent based on loudness

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Germanic 3 degrees of stress

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Primary on root syllable, weak on following syllables, intermediate secondary stress on prefix and second element of compound words

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CIE consonants

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three types: stops, fricative, resonants

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cie resonants

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m,n,l,r,j,w

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Germanic consonants

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voiceless, voiced, voiced aspirated, bilabial, dental, velar, labiovelar

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Grimm's law

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Jacob Grimm, p, t, k, b, d, g, bh, dh, gh, became f, th, h, p, t, k, b, d, g

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Werner's Law

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exceptions to Grimm's law, Karl Werner, p, t, k, became b, d, g, when surrounded by voiced sounds and preceded by unaccented syllable, s became r

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first consonant shift

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effects of Grimm's law and Werner's law

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ablaut

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changes in vowels of roots indicated morphological catagories as tense, number and part of speech

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CIE graphics

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N/A

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Germanic Graphics

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futhorc

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Ie morphology

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nouns and adjectives took same inflection, nouns adj and pronouns inflected for case number and gender

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case

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use of separate inflections to express different grammatical functions

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nominative

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subject

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genetive

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possession

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dative

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indirect object

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accusative

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direct object

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ablative

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separation away from source

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instrumental

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agency or means

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locative

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place

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vocative

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person/thing being directly addressed

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Germanic cases

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fused ablative, locative, instrumental with dative

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IE numbers

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singular, plural, dual

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Germanic numbers

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lost dual

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IE gender

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masculine, feminine, neuter

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Germanic genders

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same as IE

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Germanic noun stems

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reduced from IE

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Germanic adjectives

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complicated to weak and strong categories

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IE pronouns

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cases, numbers, genders and persons

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Aspects

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completion, duration, and repetition of action

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IE verb aspects

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present, imperfect, aorist, perfect, pulperfect, future

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Imperfect

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continuing in past

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aorist

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referring to momentary action in past

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Perfect

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completed action

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pulperfect

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completed action in past

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Germanic verbs

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changed to tense, present or future and past

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IE voices

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active, passive and middle

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Germanic voices

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lost passive and middle

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IE moodds

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indicative, subjunctive, optative, imperative, injunctive

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indicative

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statements of fact

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subjunctive

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will

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optative

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wishes

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imperative

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commands

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injunctive

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unreality

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Germanic moods

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put subjunctive and injuctive under imperative

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IE classes

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had 7 classes distinguished by root

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Germanic classes

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kept IE 7 and added weak verbs

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IE syntax

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sov

Front 112

germanic syntax

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free word order

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germanic lexicon

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maintained many of IE and borrowed from non-IE

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important changes between IE to Germanic

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fixed stress on root syllable, Grimm and Werner's laws, strong vs. weak adjective, two-tense verb, large common vocab not IE, dental preterite verbs

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oldest germanic example

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runic transcription on urn

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Enlightenment Period

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scientific reason language came to be

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Sound change

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largely result with few exceptions, comparative method, 19th century project

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comparative method

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systematic comparison of language to identify relationships between them

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19th century project

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trying to reconstruct most languages

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isolates

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languages for which we have little evidence to group with other languages

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Rhoticization

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s becomes r in Verner's law when stress is on last syllable or in voiced environment