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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the characteristics that make a gland endocrine? (3)
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1) ductless
2) passes its secretory produces through the vascular system 3) secretory products = hormones |
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What is paracrine secretion? (2)
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secretions into <b> intercellular space </b> (1) to influence <b> immediately neighboring cells </b> (2)
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what defines a neurocrine secretion? (3)
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1) secretions from nerve endings
2) travel through blood stream to another area to effect specific targets 3) the secretion is a neurotransmitter |
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What defines autocrine secretion? (2)
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secreting cell is target cell (2) or adjacent indentical cells (1)
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What defines a target organ?
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organ or cells on which a hormone elicits a response
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What are the three major categories of hormones?
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1) peptides
2) steroids 3) biogenic amines |
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Name 3 examples of peptide hormones?
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1) hypothalamic hormones
2) pituitary hormones 3) pancreatic hormones |
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Name 2 examples of biogenic amines?
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1) thyroid hormones
2) catecholamines |
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How are peptide hormones made? (2)
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by rough ER (1) as pre-pro-hormone (2)
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How are biogenic amine hormones made? (3)
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biogenic amines - from tyrosine (1) through smooth ER (2) and mitochondria (3)
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How are steriod hormones made? (3)
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steriod hormones - from cholesterol (1) through reactions in smooth ER (2) and mitochondria (3)
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What is the rule about hormones and storage? Are there any exceptions to this rule?
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rule - most hormones are not stored
exception - thyroid |
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What are the steps of hormone release? (6)
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1) excitation
2) intracellular calcuim ^ 3) cAMP ^ 4) activation of microtubular and microfilament system 5) fusion of membrane of secretory granule with that of cell 6) secretion of hormone by exocytosis |
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what is the rule about hormone concentrations in arterial blood?
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hormone concentration in various effluents from a particular endocrine gland should exceed that of the arterial blood supplying that gland (i guess this makes sense it is basically asying that you should excrete more than what is in the plasma)
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How do you express the secretion/production rate of a hormone?
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nmoles/min
ng/min |
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How do you express the plasma concentration of a hormone?
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nmol/mL
ng/mL |
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What are the two ways hormones can be transported in blood?
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1) bound to carrier protiens
2) unbound |
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Which hormones are found bound to carrier proteins?
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-steriod and thyroid (1) hormones bound to globulin (2)
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What does the amount of bound hormone circulating in the plasma predict?
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hormone plasma half life (the more bound the longer the half life)
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Which hormones are mostly found unbound? Are there any exceptions?
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peptide/protiein(1) hormones are largely found unbound exceptions are IGF1 and catecholamines (2)
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What are the two ways you measure clearance of a hormone from the circulation?
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1) biological half life (t 1/2)
2) metabolic clearance rate (MCR) |
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What are the three ways that hormones are inactivated? (3)
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1) specific target tissues (internalizati on or lysosomal degradation)
2) liver and kidneys 3) both 1 & 2 |
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What are the two ways of measuring hormones?
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1) radioimmunoassay
2) immunocytochemistry - localization of hormones in tissues of origin and action |
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What are 4 ways in which hormone secretion is controlled? (4)
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1) feedback
2) integration of endocrine/nervous sys 3) neural control 4) others like sleep wake cycle, menstrual cycle, diurnal rhythm |
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What are the four major functions of hormones?
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1) growth related
2) homeostasis related 3) cellular metabolism 4) sexual related |
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What are the 4 main causes behind malfunctioning of the endocrine system?
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1) over production of a hormone (hyperfunction)
2) underproduction of a hormone (hypofunction) 3)unresponsiveness of target organ (down regulation) 4) production of abnormal hormone |
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What are the 2 ways in which the nervous system and endocrine system are similar?
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1) synthesize and release chemicals who can influence other cells thru receptors
2) generate A/P and can be depolarized |
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What are the differences between neuro and endocrine system? (5)
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1) distance -endocine long, neuro short
2) time of action - neuro fast, endocrine, slow acting 3) length of actions - neuro short lived, endo-long 4) target diversity - neuro-precise, endocrine - every cell in body 5) target types - glandular secretions/muscle contraction (neuro), endo - variety |
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What is the nervous system controller of the adrenal medulla?
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sympathetic nervous system
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What is the controller for the autonomic ns?
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islets of langerhans
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What are the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus? (6)
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1)thyroid stimulating hormone-releasing hormone (TRH)
2) corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) 3) gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) 4) growth-hormone-releasing-hormone 5)somatostatin 6)dopamine |
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Which hormones secreted by the thalamus stimulate the secretion of another hormone? (4)
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1)thyroid stimulating hormone-releasing hormone (TRH)
2) corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) 3) gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) 4) growth-hormone-releasing-hormone |
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Which hormones secreted by the thalamus do not stimulate the secretion of another hormone? (2)
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1)somatostatin
2) dopamine |
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What does the anterior pituitary secrete? (7)
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1) growth hormone
2) prolactin 3) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 4) adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) 5) luteinizing hormone (LH) 6) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 7) melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) |
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What does the posterior pituitary secrete? (2)
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1) vasopressin (ADH)
2) oxytocin |
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What are the two types of cells of the thyroid gland? (2)
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1)follicular cells
2) parafollicular cells |
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What types of the hormones does the follicular cells of the thyroid secrete? (2)
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thyroid hormones T3 and T 4
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What hormones do the parafollicular cells secrete?
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calicotonin
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What hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete?
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parathyroid hormone
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What 3 hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete? (3)
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1) glucocorticoids
2) aldosterone 3) adrenal adrogens (DHEA) |
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What are the two hormones secreted from the adrenal medulla (2)?
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1)epinephrine
2)norepinephrine |
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What are the 3 hormones secreted by the pancreas (3)?
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1)insulin
2) glucagon 3) somatostatin |
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What are the gonads in males?
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testes
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What are the gonads in female?
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ovaries
placenta |
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What are the hormones secreted by all the gonads?
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1) androgens
2) estrogens 3) progestins |
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What are the 2 hormones in the placenta?
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human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
human placental lactogen (HPL) |
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What is human placental lactogen like?
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growth hormone
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What hormone is produced like skin, liver and kidney?
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vitamin D
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What three types of hormones do the steriod hormone action?
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steriod
thyroi d hormones vitamin a |
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What hormones have receptors located in cell nucelus? (5)
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1)estrogen
2) progesterone 3) androgen 4) vitamin D 5) vitamin A |
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What are the six steps of the steroid hormone action? (9)
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1) endocrine glands + stimulus
2) steriod release 3) steriod diffuses into cell membrane into cytoplasm 4) steriod binds to cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors 5) steroid-receptor complex forms 6) activation - steriod binding causes conformational changes 7) dimerization of ligand causes steriod receptor complex to bind SRE in DNA 8) SRE and DNA interact with co regulatory proteins 9) suppress or activate activation |
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What is the cAMP mechanism used with?
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1) peptide hormones
2) catecholamines |
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What G protein does the cAMP inhibitory hormones bind to? What is the action?
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Gi-protein, supress adenylate cyclase so you cant make cAMP
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What G protein does the cAMP-depending hormones bind to? What is the action?
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Gs protein, activate adenylate cyclase so you can make cAMP
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Which hormones use the cAMP inhibitory pathway? (2)
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somatostatin
dopaine |
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What homes use the cAMP activating pathway? (12)
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1) LH
2) FSH 3) TSH 4) ACTH 5) PTH 6) ADH via V2 7) GHRH 8) CRH 9) MSH 10) caclitonin 11) glucagon 12) epinephrine 13) hCG |
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What hormones use the Calcium-Phospholipid pathway?
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1)GnRH
2) TRH 3) Angiotensin II 4) ADH via V1 receptor |
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How are peptides internalized into the cell? (9 steps)
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1) endocrine gland + stimulus -> increases hormone
2) hormone binds to cell membrane receptor 3) hormone receptor complexes are clustered on the membrane 4) membrane containing aggregated hormone receptor complexes begin to fold forming coated pit 5) coated pits are internalized into the cell forming endosomes 6)endosomes via ATP dependent mechanism facilitate release of ligand from receptor 7) ligand and receptor are sorted 8) ligand is degreded by lysosomal enzymes 9)receptor is recycled or degraded by lysosomal enzymes |
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What are the steroid hormones? (8)
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1) estrogen
2) androgen 3) proesterone 4) aldosterone 5) glucocorticoids 6) thyroid hormones 7) vitamin D 8) vitamin A |
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What is the cAMP mechanism?
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1) hormone binds Gs
2) activation of adenylyl cyclase 3) increase cAMP 4) activation of phospohkinase A |
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What is the phospholipid mechanism?
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1) G(q)
2) activation of PKC 3) conversion of PIP2 --> IP3 and DAG 4) IP3 increases intracellular calcium 5) DAG increases PKC |
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What hormones use JAK-STAT pathway? (2)
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prolactin
growth hormone |
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What hormones use the intrinsic tyrosin linked hormone action? (2)
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1)insulin
2) IGF-1 |
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What hormones use the cAMP inhibitory mechanism ? (2)
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1) somatostatin
2) dopamine |
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What hormones use the calcium-phospholipid mechanism?
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-GnRH
-TRH -AG II -ADH via V1 receptor |
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What hormones in the hypothalamus use the calcium-phospholipid mechanism?
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-TRH
-GnRH |
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What hormones in the thalamus use the cAMP activating mechanism?
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CRH
GHRH |
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What hormones in the thalamus use the stimulatory cAMP mechanism? (2)
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1) CRH
2) GHRH |
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What hormones in the hypothalamus use the cAMP inhibitory mechanism? (2)
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1)somatostatin
2) dopamine |
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What is the menumonic for remembering pituitary hormones?
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GOAT FLAP
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What is the mneumonic for the adrenal medulla?
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MEN
medulla epinerphrine norepinephrine |
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What is the mneumonic for remembering the adrenal cortex hormones?
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all start with A or C just like adrenal cortex
androgen, aldosterone, cortisol |
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What is the mneumonic for hormones of the ovary?
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RIPE
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What is the mneumonic for hormones of testes?
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TIM
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What is the mneumonic for remember which layer secretes what hormones of adrenal cortex?
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Salt, sugar, sex: the deeper you go, the sweeter it gets
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What does the mneumonic GOAT FLAP stand for?
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pituitary hormones
G rowth hormone O xytocin A ntiduiretic hormone T hyroid stimulating hormone F ollicle-stimulating hormone L uetinizing hormone A drenocorticotrophic hormone P rolactin |
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What is the mneumonic for the hypothalamus hormones?
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Trying
Chilies Give Gooey Shits |
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Which anterior pituitary hormones use Janus kinase? (2)
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1)growth hormone
2) prolactin |
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Which anterior pituitary hormones use the cAMP activating mechanism?
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1) TSH
2) LH 3) FSH 4) ACTH 5) MSH |
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What two mechanisms do hormones of the hypothalamus use? (3)
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1) calcium phospholipid
2) cAMP activating 3) cAMP inactivating |
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What mechanisms do hormones of the anterior pituitary use? (2)
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1) janus kinase
2) cAMP activating |
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What mechanisms do hormones of the posterior pituitary use? (2)
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1) Calcium phospholipid mechanism
2) cAMP activating |
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What hormone mechanisms is used the most? What about used the least?
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1)cAMP activating
2) calcium phospholipid |
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What hormone mechanisms are used the least?
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1) JAK Stat
2) cAMP deactivating 3) tyrosin kinase |
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What is the mneumonic for hormones use everything but activating cAMP?
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S urgeons
G et D octors T o A ssess O ne A nnoying P sycho G enerating I nvisible I ndividuals |
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What does the mneumonic stand for?
S urgeons G et D octors T o A ssess O ne A nnoying P sycho G enerating I nvisible I ndividuals |
S omatostatin
G nRH D opamine T RH A DH via One V1 A GII P rolactin G H I nsulin I GF-1 |
