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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anterior Pituitary Hormones have to be regulated and Produced by?
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Regulated by The Hypothalamus
Produced by Anterior Pituitary |
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Posterior Pituitary Hormones are produced by
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Hypothalamus
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What is Tropism?
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hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
Stimulation of Growth in certain direction Ex: ACTH hormone stimulate Adrenal Cortex to grow and specialize in producing cortisol and cortisone |
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What happens when a gland does not respond by hormonal production?
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Pituitary/Hypothalamus respond with High Levels of Tropic Hormone
Ex: Failure of Thyroid function = Enlarged Goiter/Thyroid |
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What control the endocrine system?
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Hypothalamus - sends Releasing Hormone (RH) or Inhibiting Hormones (IH) to Pituitary by Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Portal System
Prevents unnecessary dilution used by hypothalamic hormones entering general circulation |
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What is neurohypophysis?
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Hypothalamus provide hormones produced from centers (i.e. supra-optic nucleus) to neuroendocrine ends of Posterior Pituitary
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What two hormones are both protein hormones and similar in composition?
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Oxytocin and Vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone ADH at lower doses)
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What could cause ADH to not be secreted resulting in Diabetes Insipidus?
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Scarring of Infundibular stump = excessive water loss by urination
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What is Adenohypophysis?
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hormones of Anterior Pituitary would have to be replaced as they are produced by Anterior Pituitary
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How does Rathke's pouch presents as an out pocket of pharyngeal wall?
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(has origin from Embryonic Pharynx)
Extension of Hypothalamus - infundibulum and neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) |
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What is the Negative Feedback Mechanism?
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most common method of control between hormone (produced) and source gland
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What is an example of the Negative Feedback Mechanism?
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Thyroid hormone T4/Thyroxin will exert its positive effect on all cells of body
1. except along Thyroid-Pituitary-Hypothalamus axis (action is largely inhibited) T4 will prevent more T4 produced by inhibiting Thyroid action, also pituitary action (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Thyrotropin) |
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T4 (Thyroxin) inhibit Hypothalamus from producing (Negative feedback) |
TRH Thyrotropin Releasing hormone |
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T4 (Thyroxin) can also inhibit Adrenal Cortex from producing (Negative Feedback)
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Coritsol
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T4 (Thyroxin) can also inhibit Hypothalamus from producing (Negative Feedback) |
CRH Cortisol Releasing Hormone
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T4 (Thyroxin) can also inhibit Pituitary action from producing (Negative Feedback)
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (Thyrotropin)
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T4 (Thyroxin) can inhibit Thyroid action from producing (Negative Feedback)
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More T4 (Thyroxin)
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What is Positive Feedback Mechanism?
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Example: role of oxytocin favoring parturition (giving birth)
Example: (between LH Lutenizing hormone - from adenohypophysis and Estrogen from Pre-Ovulation Follicle) leading up to OVULATION by peaking of LH at OVARIAN MID_CYCLE |
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What is the primary fuel for all cells?
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Glucose (present in our blood)
Brain uses glucose exclusively |
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What energy does the Brain yield under starvation?
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Ketone bodies (produced by breakdown of protein to yield energy = Ketosis)
= Dangerous and can cause Brain Damage |
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Which organ is the most forgiving and how so?
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Liver
- will make glucose from 1-2 day store of glycogen during starvation, will favor conversion of Glucose to Glycogen during well-fed states |
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What will favor making glycogen?
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Insulin
= take glucose away from the blood (because insulin producing Beta-Cells of Pancreatic Islets don't do well in Hyperglycemic environments) ** INSULIN is the only one that will LOWER Glucose levels in Blood*** |
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What hormones raise blood glucose?
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Diabetogenic Hormones
= GH, cortisol, T/T4, epinephrine/norepinephrine and Glucagon |
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What is the function of GH?
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GH cause liver to produce Somatomedins - affect ALL cells to perform Gluconeogenesis,
Lipolysis, and Protein Synthesis Somatomedin are aka Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGF) |
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What is a test for Glucose
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Urine Test: unreliable (person may be negative for glucose in urine until venous blood glucose level rise to 200 mg/dl)
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What is the range for fasting glucose levels?
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between 70-100 mg/dl (but 65-110 mg/dl have been reported normal too)
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What is a more accurate test for glucose?
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Oral Glucose Test: 3,5, or 7 hours
POST-PRANDIAl fasting for 7 hours, take baseline glucose test, load up with 50g or 100 g of standardized glucose drink = draw blood *IF result Above 120 mg/dl two hours in a row/ or a one time glucose above 200 mg/dl = DIABETES |
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What is normal blood Calcium levels ?
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4.5 - 5.5 mEq/L
or 8.5 - 10.5 mg/dl |
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If one consumed 1000 mg of Ca2+ in diet, how much would be lost and how much would be absorbed?
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700 mg would be lost
300 mg absorbed in enterocytes 150 mg lost from enterocytes sloughing to be replaced by NEW CELLS only 15% absorbed into Blood Stream = Daily recommended allowance 1200 -1500 mg |
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What is the function of Ca2+ in our body?
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maintain bone hardness and Hemostasis
maintain neuronal synapses depolarization/repolarization of cardiac muscle contraction of ALL muscles |
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How are Ca2+ levels maintained?
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By Parathyroid hormone (parathormone PTH)
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How are Ca2+ absorbed?
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by PTH and 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (vitamin D3) at the GUT
Vitamin D push Ca2+ into bone to be part of Calcium Hydroxyapatite Crystal |
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What is the function of Calcitonin?
(3rd hormone) |
work to remove Ca2+ by excretion or help of vitamin D3 push it into bone (as long as it is not high levels in blood)
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What produce Calcitonin?
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Thyroid's Extra Follicular or Clear Cells (C Cells) and other parts of body
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What is the definition of Endocrine glands?
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ductless glands
Produce Chemical messenger hormones secrete hormones into blood Affect target organs via HORMONES |
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What is the definition of Hormones?
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Chemical messengers
Secreted directly into blood by Endocrine Glands Affect target organs by Interact with Receptors |
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What are the 3 types of Hormones?
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Protein
Steroid Thyroid Hormone |
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What is the function of Protein Hormone?
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docks with integral protein (to cell membrane) with receptor
does not enter cell receptor structure changes = internal end of receptor to be active enzyme to catalyze runs in cytoplasm Effect: Quick and Short Lasting |
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What is the function of Steroid?
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Display Lipid-like capacity to diffuse thru cell membrane
Forms complex with Receptor Particle (in cytoplasm) - enters Nucleus, affects Cell's DNA transcription |
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What is the thyroid hormone?
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molecule made from 2 Tyrosine molecules and bounded with as many as 4 iodines
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RNA production occurs due to T3 interaction with DNA because of
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distinct loci on DNA served as receptors
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Why does the Thyroid make T4 to circulate and work in regulatory Negative Feedback of Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis?
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because T3 is more potent in pharmacological activity than T4
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Where is T3 largely produced?
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Intracellularly in the Target cell
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T4 Thyroxine is produced in larger proportion to T3 Triiodothyronine and so
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T4 enters the cell membrane and nucleus easily
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What happens when T4 deiodinate by enzyme inside every cell membrane?
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T4 becomes T3
and One iodine is sent back into the serum (eventually picked up by Thyroid Gland |
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What happens when T3 is in contact with DNA?
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T3 binds to receptors on DNA molecule
= this is why Thyroid hormone is like Steroid hormone but works relatively quickly and faster action |
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What consist of Parathyroid gland?
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4 small glands secured on Posterior Surface of Lateral Lobe of Thyroid
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What is the function of Parathyroids?
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produce PTH Parathyroid Hormone
= raises concentration of Ca2+ in blood |
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What is the function of Ca2+ concentration?
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neuromuscular functions and blood clotting mechanisms
gives bone its hardness |
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What may result due to lack of PTH?
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Hypocalcemia
death from life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias |
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What may result due to hyper secretion of PTH?
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Lead to Hypercalcemia and resultant Lethargy of Neuro-Muscular mechanisms
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