Embryology-Final-Review

Front 1

theca produces what/why?

Back 1

androgen- substrate for granulosa-prod. estrogen

Front 2

ovulation releases from ovary?

Back 2

2ndary oocy. w/ 1st polar body, zona pell., corona rad.

Front 3

cumulus oophorus becomes?

Back 3

corona radiata

Front 4

sperm binds with egg how? species-specific

Back 4

sperm cell zona binding sites w/ ZP3 zona sperm receptor on oocyte

Front 5

sperm-oocyte membrane binders?

Back 5

integrin receptor on oocyte

Front 6

what occurs during the 2nd week following fertilization?

Back 6

embryo implants. amniotic cavity/primitive yolk sac form

Front 7

trophoblast produces what 5 days after fertilization?

Back 7

enzymes: disrupt zona pellucida – causes hatching

Front 8

after hatching?

Back 8

trophoblast can make contact with endometrium.

Front 9

What is hCG? (basis for pregnancy test)

Back 9

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin: essential hormone for pregnancy: maintains proliferation of corpus luteum, secretes hormones - keeps uterine lining:receptive state

Front 10

inner cell mass during process of implantation?

Back 10

two layered structure:bilaminar embryonic disc – hypoblast facing the blastocyst cavity – becomes yolk sac w/in cytotrophoblast . inner cell mass cavities‡ form amniotic cavity: floor is single cell layer: epiblast.

Front 11

main developmental task during the third week?

Back 11

gastrulation – third tissue layer appears

Front 12

primitive streak forms when?

Back 12

13 – 14 days after fertilization until 5th week

Front 13

primitive streak later in gastrulation?

Back 13

becomes smaller, more caudal as embryo grows. disappears in 5th week from sacrococcygeal trunk

Front 14

ectoderm contribute to?

Back 14

nervous system, epidermis body surface tissues (epidermis, hair, nails), glands connected by ducts to body surface (sweat glands, sebaceous glands)

Front 15

timing of closure of anterior and posterior neuropores?

Back 15

23 days +/-

Front 16

endoderm form

Back 16

lining of the GI tract, ducts that open to tract, and secretory cells (parenchyma) and glands

Front 17

causes embryo to fold during 4th week of development?

Back 17

different rates in the growth of tissue neurotube/notoch

Front 18

when are most structures complete?

Back 18

end of 8th week after fertilization

Front 19

gonadal factors which may cause infertility?

Back 19

sex chromosomes aneuploidy; space occupying lesions – cysts, tumours, scars; environmental agents – lead, alcohol, nicotine; testicular dysfunction

Front 20

Kleinfelters karyotype

Back 20

47XXY (male with extra X chromosome)

Front 21

Kleinfelters

Back 21

have breasts, small testes, no spermatogenesis

Front 22

Turners Syndrome karyotype

Back 22

45X0 – most don’t survive.female, req. hormone repl.

Front 23

post gonadal factors may include?

Back 23

obstruction of accessory reproductive ducts

Front 24

what % of female infertility due to obstruction?

Back 24

50%

Front 25

tightly structured mucin glycoprotein cervical mucous

Back 25

type G– may be barrier to microorganisms and sperm

Front 26

loosely structured mucous

Back 26

Type E– sperm can get through-in cervix: periovulatory

Front 27

what causes Type G – E mucous change

Back 27

rising estrogen levels in periovulatory period

Front 28

woman/men developing antibodies to sperm cells

Back 28

isoimmunity (woman) autoimmunity (man)

Front 29

placenta

Back 29

apposition of fetal and parental tissues for purposes of physiological exchange and hormonal production

Front 30

main components that form placenta?

Back 30

syncytiotrophoblast/cytotrophoblast (forms villous chorion)-disappears 4th month

Front 31

layers of placental “barrier”

Back 31

maternal blood, syncytiotrophoblast, cytotropoblast, extracellular space, endothelium of fetal blood vessels, fetal blood

Front 32

before placenta formation – fetus survives how?

Back 32

uterine secretions from uterine glands – until day 13

Front 33

chorion/chorionic sac def.

Back 33

extra-embryonic mesoderm + two layers of trophoblast

Front 34

contained within the chorion?

Back 34

embryo/amniotic+yolk sacs susp. via conn. stalk in chorionic cavity

Front 35

only single artery in placenta - % and type of problems

Back 35

16%premature, 17%abnormal, 34% small baby

Front 36

what might cause cessation of pregnancies?

Back 36

combinations & unknowns 60 – 70% chromosome abnormality/mutation 25%, radiation 1%, infections 2 – 3%, drugs and chemicals 4 – 5%,

Front 37

60 – 70% of early abortions due to

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chromosomal disorders: trisomy 50%, polyploidy 25%, 45 + X 25%

Front 38

terathanasia

Back 38

monster death: tera= monster, thanatos=death

Front 39

Of spina bifida cases, what % dies?

Back 39

90%

Front 40

Retinoids cause defects of

Back 40

CNS, face, ears, heart, kindey, esophagus, thymus. Cause spontaneous abortions.

Front 41

Cardiovascular system derived mainly from

Back 41

splanchnic mesoderm (forms primordium of heart), paraxial and lateral mesoderm midway along hindbrain, & neural crest cells from between otic vessicles (primitive ears) and 3rd pair of somites

Front 42

in the primitive heart, future site of Semilunar valves?

Back 42

bulbo-truncal junction

Front 43

what does the right vitelline vein become

Back 43

inferior vena cava

Front 44

how does left atrium form

Back 44

first sign of left atrium: primary pulmonary vein FROM LEFT ATRIUM (Not SV). grows toward/ ‘cannibalizes’ pulmonary vein walls, absorbing them to create its walls

Front 45

divides the truncus into the aorta & pulm. trunk

Back 45

aorticopulmonary septum: (truncal bulbar cushions)

Front 46

fallot’s teratology?

Back 46

pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta (destropositioning) interventricular communication, hypertrophy of R ventricle

Front 47

cyanosis

Back 47

venous blood in systemic system

Front 48

lung formed by

Back 48

endoderm and mesoderm. endoderm=lung epithelium. splanchnic mesoderm:cartilage, musc., blood vess

Front 49

two types of fistula in lung development

Back 49

tracheoesophageal fistula, and esophageal atresia

Front 50

stimuli for breathing at birth

Back 50

temp., pain, hypoxia – chg in chemoreceptor sensitivity

Front 51

hyaline membrane disease also known as

Back 51

respiratory distress syndrome – not enough surfactant

Front 52

connects only foregut to anterior body wall

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ventral mesentery

Front 53

primitive gut lined with, and supported by – tissues?

Back 53

lined with endoderm, supp. by splanchnic mesoderm

Front 54

endoderm forms what in GI tract

Back 54

tissue lining GI tract and its outgrowths (including lungs, airways) and parenchyma

Front 55

if laryngotracheal diverticulum forms incorrectly, result?

Back 55

fistula (causes polyhydramnios)

Front 56

stomach rot. 90 deg. clockwise around long.axis when

Back 56

during 7th week

Front 57

in umbilicus, which direction does the herniation of the midgut loop rotate?

Back 57

counterclockwise

Front 58

what does the final rotation accomplish?

Back 58

duodenal-jejunal junction to adult location

Front 59

failure of midgut to return to gut – name?

Back 59

omphalocele – intestines within umbilical cord

Front 60

tear of abdominal wall near umbilicus

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gastroschisis – tissue becomes rigid and brittle – amniotic fluid bad for tissue

Front 61

divides cloacal membrane into urogenital and anal membranes?

Back 61

urorectal septum

Front 62

if anal membrane doesn’t break down – condition?

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congenital membranous atresia

Front 63

if urorectal septum fuses with posterior cloaca rather than cloacal membrane – result?

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complete anal atresia: VERY difficult to correct (no anal opening, no sphincters, etc.)

Front 64

if incomplete fusion of urorectal septum and cloacal membrane – result?

Back 64

because urorectal septum is bifid, incomplete fusion can mean fistulas connect urogenital and rectoanal organs

Front 65

tissue type: liver and gallbladder

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outgrowth of endoderm near distal foregut

Front 66

what does ventral pancreatic bud become?

Back 66

uncinate process with MAIN pancreatic duct

Front 67

embryonic tissue becomes: diaphragm central tendon?

Back 67

cranial part of septum transversum

Front 68

rest of diaphragm

Back 68

from dorsal mesentery assoc. w/ esophagus + projections of tissue: pleuroperitoneal folds from body wall

Front 69

pancreatic cause of obstruction

Back 69

annular pancreas: ring of pancreatic tissue, surrounds duodenum like a collar

Front 70

if bowel becomes twisted

Back 70

congenital volvulus: can block both lumen and blood supply – can become gangrenous

Front 71

condition where bowel telescopes on itself

Back 71

intussusception

Front 72

condition where anus is stenosed by incorrect chamber division

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imperforate anus

Front 73

intestine of newborn contains

Back 73

meconium: secretions, cells, detritis swallowed with amniotic fluid

Front 74

why might intestinal contents not pass? suspect what?

Back 74

if too viscous (too much mucous) meconium won’t pass. common in kids with cystic fibrosus

Front 75

kidney development: 3 stage, with which structure

Back 75

nephrogenic cords of intermediate mesoderm from cervical – sacral segments

Front 76

1st stage kidney development begins when

Back 76

3rd week

Front 77

stage name, & what develops

Back 77

proenephric phase – proenephric vessicles near cervical segments form proenephric duct into cloaca

Front 78

during 4th week, what happens to duct?

Back 78

proenephros and cervical proenephric duct degenerate

Front 79

second phase of kidney development

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mesonephric – remaining proenephric duct now called mesonephric, is opposite thoracic/lumbar segment

Front 80

what develops in second stage

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mesonephric tubules, which open into mesonephric duct

Front 81

what do remnants of the second stage contribute to

Back 81

male reproductive system

Front 82

where and when does third stage develop

Back 82

beginning in 5th week, at caudal mesonephric duct with appearance of ureteric bud

Front 83

ureteric bud becomes

Back 83

ureter, renal pelvis, calyces, collecting ducts/tubules

Front 84

metenephric mass becomes what

Back 84

glomerulus, nephrons (creating urine)

Front 85

metanephric mass forms what around ureteric bud

Back 85

metanephric mass forms condensation of masses of mesoderm cells around branches of the ureteric bud, called a TISSUE CAP

Front 86

tissue cap forms what

Back 86

metanephric vessicles: twist and elongate

Front 87

twisting, elongation of tissue cap forms

Back 87

loop of henle, convoluted tubules

Front 88

if metanephric mass doesn’t link up with collecting syst?

Back 88

will make urine, but nowhere for it to go: kidney cyst

Front 89

recessive polycystic kidney disease

Back 89

autosomal recessive, effects both kidneys, massive kidneys, filled with vessicles:take up normal healthy tissue space. collecting tubules are widely dilated. Children usually die. treatment: dialysis or transplant.

Front 90

ureteric bud triggers?

Back 90

sends out survival signals to metanephric mesoderm mass so that kidney tubules and tissue cap survive, nephrons form (condensation of metanephric mass, and tubologenesis)

Front 91

nephrons form but don’t join ureteric bud branches – result?

Back 91

nephrons can’t drain, may form cysts

Front 92

if nephrogenic cords fuse, results?

Back 92

kidneys will fuse, probably won’t be able to ascent

Front 93

name four abnormalities that ureteric bud-metanephric mass interaction difficulties may cause

Back 93

bifid ureter, supernumary kidneys, crossed renal ectopia, renal agenesis

Front 94

causes of oligohydramnios

Back 94

bilateral polycystic kidney disease, bilateral renal agenesis, premature rupture of amniotic membrane (leakage of fluid), posterior urethral valve (remnant of urogenital membrane) –causes blockage

Front 95

which ducts and tubes join the urogenital sinus

Back 95

ureters, and mesonephric ducts (common excretory ducts)

Front 96

allantois forms?

Back 96

uracus (when involutes) umbilicus-bladder remnant

Front 97

uracus forms?

Back 97

fibrous median umbilical ligament

Front 98

problem with bladder development

Back 98

extrophy – mesoderm doesn’t separate bladder from sinus, body wall tears, or ureter opens to body surface: result is similar – bladder open to body wall

Front 99

phenotypic sex is what?

Back 99

structural gender. develops over first 3 months

Front 100

genital ridge tissue structure

Back 100

intermediate mesoderm core, with covering of epithelial lining of body cavity (coelom)

Front 101

what are sex cords?

Back 101

cord-like extensions of coelomic epithelium penetrating mesoderm of genital ridge

Front 102

what is between the sex cords?

Back 102

intermediate mesoderm

Front 103

stimulates further development of gonad?

Back 103

epiblast primordial germ cells appear near origin of allantois, migrate to genital ridges, arrive and enter sex cords -appear at 4th week, arrive at 6th week

Front 104

if no Y chromosome, what happens to sex cords?

Back 104

begin to fragment

Front 105

what do germ cells become if no Y chromosome

Back 105

oogonia (primary oocytes)

Front 106

what do sex cord cells become if no Y chromosome

Back 106

follicular cells around oocytes

Front 107

If Y chromosome (and SRY gene) germ cells become

Back 107

spermatogonia

Front 108

if Y chromosome, sex cords do what?

Back 108

elongate to form seminiferous tubules

Front 109

if Y chromosome, sex cord cells become

Back 109

sertoli cells - secrete antimuellerian hormone

Front 110

if Y chromosome, what do intermediate mesoderm cells between the sex cords of genital ridge become?

Back 110

Leydig cells, which secrete testosterone

Front 111

describe the 2nd phase of test. descent

Back 111

trans-inguinal: during 7th month, happens over two days, active process

Front 112

where are ductus and testicular vessels after descent

Back 112

within spermatic cord

Front 113

gubernaculum between ovary and uterus becomes

Back 113

ligament of the ovary

Front 114

gubernaculum between uterus- labium majus becomes

Back 114

round ligament of the uterus

Front 115

mass of endoderm created between urogenital sinus and uterovaginal primordium called

Back 115

vaginal plate or sinovaginal bulb

Front 116

If testicle present, what is induced?

Back 116

antimuellerian from sertoli cells induces paramesonephric ducts and uterovaginal primordium to undergo regression

Front 117

after regression, remnants of uterovaginal primordium?

Back 117

prostatic utricle and appendix of testes

Front 118

androgens from leydig cells diffuse into adjacent tissues, inducing what three processes?

Back 118

mesonephric excretory tubules link with rete testes, forming efferent ductules, mesonephric duct develops into epididymis, vas deferens and ejaculatory duct, and seminal vessicles grow out of mesonephric ducts

Front 119

If no testicle present, paramesonephric ducts become

Back 119

uterine tubes

Front 120

If no testicle, uterovaginal primordium develops into

Back 120

uterus

Front 121

if no testosterone present (i.e. no testicle) mesonephric ducts

Back 121

regress and degenerate

Front 122

mesonephric duct remnants are called

Back 122

epoophoron and paroopharon in broad ligament, gartners cyst near uterus

Front 123

vagina develops from what two structures

Back 123

uterovaginal primordium, plus endoderm of urogenital sinus area called vaginal plate

Front 124

condition if hymen not perforated?

Back 124

hydrocolpos

Front 125

problems caused if hymen not perforated

Back 125

fills with fluid, compresses urethra, urine backs up, can cause hydronephrosis

Front 126

how is fissure created on ventral surface of glans

Back 126

ingrowth of epithelium(ectoderm) forms glandular plate, which breaks down, creating the fissure

Front 127

direction of fusion of male urethral folds, and result

Back 127

posterior– anterior bringing urethral meatus out to glans

Front 128

condition where body can’t create cortisol

Back 128

congenital virulizing adrenal hyperplasia :genotypic females, phenotypic males: no breasts, small penis, chest hair, male pattern baldness XX (female) masculinizes due to androgen

Front 129

gonadal dysgenesis

Back 129

46XX or 46 XY – usually only streak ovary, with uterus/uterine tubes. No testicle, leydig/testosterone, no male duct development: remain pre-pubertal female, with no functioning gonad

Front 130

Androgen resistance syndrome (or androgen insensitivity syndrome)

Back 130

can’t take up androgens, so no masculinizing takes place. Genetically male 46XY, but otherwise female: external genitalia, short vagina to nowhere, no pubic or axillary hair, ample breasts. no male ducts, no descent of testes.

Front 131

what is a somite

Back 131

visibly segmented mesoderm

Front 132

skull and facial bones derived from

Back 132

neural crest cells: ectoderm from area (more headwards than somites)

Front 133

vault of skull created from

Back 133

unsegmented mesoderm

Front 134

bifid abnormality of notochord means

Back 134

two brains, two faces

Front 135

portion of somite which forms bones – which bones?

Back 135

ventromedial somite: sclerotome: ribs and vertebrae

Front 136

face created from

Back 136

brain (neuroectoderm), neural crest cells + mesoderm

Front 137

mesoderm (neural crest cells) forms which part of face

Back 137

facial bones – proliferate & migrate -> face bones

Front 138

placode

Back 138

ectodermal thickenings: naso, optic, otic

Front 139

forms sides of roof of mouth

Back 139

secondary palatal shelves

Front 140

Cyclops

Back 140

holoprosencephaly, non-hemispheric brain, nose in forehead(or absent), 1 eye, upper lip=maxillary processes (no nasal tissue), no incisor teeth, canines in midline – mentally retarded

Front 141

median cleft face syndrome

Back 141

hyperteloric, mentally normal, variety: facial abnorm.

Front 142

cleft lip causes

Back 142

genetic + environmental (pollution?): MUTATION

Front 143

cleft lip may or may not occur with

Back 143

cleft palate

Front 144

Treacher Collins syndrome:

Back 144

Autosomal dominant with mutations (GENETIC) small mandible/maxillae, cleft palate, no zygomas, anti-mongoloid eyeslant, no lower eyelashes, notched lid, DEAF: abnormal incus/malleus, malformed ears, NORMAL MENTALLY

Front 145

Lateral facial displasia

Back 145

due to bleeding in utero: toxic. Normal mentally, asymmetry – can involve all structures

Front 146

endocrine glands (3)

Back 146

thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary

Front 147

thyroid derivation

Back 147

endoderm of tongue

Front 148

thyroid created from

Back 148

foramen cecum tunnel at back of tongue – buds off, foramen atrophies, becomes fibrous

Front 149

hormones of thyroid produced by

Back 149

endodermal cells

Front 150

thyroid has components of what germ layers

Back 150

all – neural crest which migrate to thyroid, vessels from mesoderm, epithelial layer

Front 151

thyroid cells produce

Back 151

calcitonin

Front 152

thyrotoxicosis

Back 152

HUNGRY, anxious, panicky – high heart rate, heart may fail: beats too fast to fill, staring bulging eyes, jumpy fast metabolic rate

Front 153

Thyroid deficiency

Back 153

Myxedema in adults, cretinism in children: mentally retarded dwarfs, sleep a lot, don’t want to eat, tongue hangs out, if neo-natal, MUST give thyroid hormone, or will have developmental problems

Front 154

if too much parathyroid, condition?

Back 154

hyperparathyroidism: high calcium level in blood, stones in urinary tract, less calcium in bones = fractures, paranoia: stones bones moans groans

Front 155

parathyroid glands develop where

Back 155

pouches 3 & 4

Front 156

anterior pituitary origin

Back 156

stomadeal placode –> rathkes pouch -> anterior pit.

Front 157

posterior pituitary origin

Back 157

downgrowth of diencephalons infundibulum – posterior pituitary + stalk

Front 158

anterior pituitary produces

Back 158

hGH

Front 159

Posterior pituitary produces

Back 159

antidieuretic hormone

Front 160

Anterior pituitary stalk connection

Back 160

blood vessels

Front 161

Posterior pituitary stalk connection

Back 161

nerves

Front 162

benign tumour of Rathkes pouch -where ant. pit. devel

Back 162

Craniopharyngioma

Front 163

rathkes pouch tumour will effect

Back 163

hormone & cranial nerve problems, esp. CNII, compressed by tumour growth

Front 164

craniopharyngeoma symptoms

Back 164

bitemporal hemianopia (can’t see out to sides or may go blind if enough nerves damaged) hormonal problems (kids with pubic hair, breasts, pigmented nipples, that are also BLIND) SURGICAL TRTMNT.