Elina_Physiology_Peripheral Circulation

Front 1

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The cardiovascular system consists of ?

Back 1

The cardiovascular system consists of two pumps (left and right ventricles) and two circuits
'pulmonary and systemic) connected in series. men circuits are connected in series, flow must
be equal in the two circuits.

Front 2

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Будет ли одинаковы сердечный выброс для ПЖ и ЛЖ?

Back 2

Cardiac output is the output of either the left or right ventricle, and because of the series system,
theyare equal

Front 3

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Будет ли по химическому составу кровь одинаковой во всех точках системы?

Back 3

the chemical composition of pulmonary venous blood is very close to the chemical composition
of systemic arterial blood, and systemic mixed venous blood entering the right atrium
has the same composition as pulmonary arterial blood.

Front 4

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Pressures in the Right ventricle?

Back 4

Right ventricle 25/0 mm Hg

Front 5

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Pressures in the Pulmonary artery?

Back 5

Pulmonary artery 25/8 mm Hg

Front 6

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Pressures in the Mean pulm. art. Puhnonary Circulation?

Back 6

Mean pulm. art. 15 mm Hg

Front 7

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Pressures in the Capillary Puhnonary Circulation?

Back 7

Capillary 7-9mmHg

Front 8

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Pressures in the Pulmonary
venous Puhnonary Circulation?

Back 8

Pulmonary 5mmHg
venous

Front 9

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Pressures in the Left atrium ?

Back 9

Left atrium 5-10 mm Hg

Front 10

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Pressures in the Pressure gradient Pulmonary Circulation

Back 10

Pressure gradient 15-5 = 10 nun Hg

Front 11

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Pressures in the Left ventricle ?

Back 11

Left ventricle 120/0 mm Hg

Front 12

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Pressures in the Aorta ?

Back 12

Aorta 120/80 mm Hg

Front 13

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Pressures in the Mean art. blood Systemic Circulation?

Back 13

Mean art. blood p 93 mmHg

Front 14

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Pressures in the Capillary Systemic Circulation?

Back 14

Capillary: skeletal 30mmHg
renal glomerular 45-50 mmHg

Front 15

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Pressures in the Peripheral veins

Back 15

Peripheral veins 15mmHg

Front 16

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Pressures in the Right atrium ?

Back 16

Right atrium O mmHg
(central venous)

Front 17

Pressure gradient Systemic Circulation?

Back 17

Pressure gradient 93--0= 93 mm Hg

Front 18

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
В чем сходство м\у Большим кругои и малым?

Back 18

Cardiac output and heart rate of the two circuits are equal, so stroke volumes are the same.

Front 19

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
В чем разница м\у Большим кругои и малым?

Back 19

all pressures are higher in the systemic (peripheral) circuit. This shows that the
vessels of the circuits are very different. The systemic circuit has much higher resistance and
much lower compliance than the pulmonary circuit. The lower pressures mean that the work
of the right ventricle is much lower. In addition, the lower capillary pressure protects against
the development of pulmonary edema

Front 20

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Как рассеивается давление при прохождении одного сегмента?

Back 20

The pressure dissipates, overcorni ng resistance. The amount of pressure I"" in a particular segment
is proportional to the resistance of that segment.

Front 21

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
какое соотношение потери давления к колибру сосуда?

Back 21

a small pressure drop in the major arteries (low-resistance segment); the largest drop
is across the arterioles (highest resistance segment), and another small pressure drop occurs in
the major veins (low-resistance segment).

Front 22

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
what happened with Local arteriolar dilation ?

Back 22

Local arteriolar dilation decreases arteriolar resistance, which increases flow and pressure
downstream (more pressure and more flow get downstream).

Front 23

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
what happened with Local arteriolar constriction ?

Back 23

local arteriolar constriction increases arteriolar resistance, and flow and pressure
decrease downstream.

Front 24

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
За счет чего происходит движение потока крови?

Back 24

Since blood flows from high pressure to low pressure, the sequence of the vessels in any system
or part of a system will also be the sequence of pressures, from highest to lowest.

Front 25

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Cross-Sectional Area-особенности

Back 25

The aorta is a large-diameter vessel, but it is still represents the systemic segment with
the smallest cross-sectional area.
• As the aorta branches, the cross-sectional area of each individual vessel decreases, but
collectively the cross-sectional area increases to reach a maximum in the capillaries.
The cross-sectional area then decreases through the venous system.

Front 26

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Скорость потока крови при прохождении через Cross-Sectional Area -

Back 26

уменьшается

Front 27

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Гду сакорость потокая самая высокая? и где самая низкая

Back 27

Velocity is greatest in the aorta, decreases to a minimum in the capillaries, and then increases
from the venules to the right atrium.

Front 28

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Ср V потока в аорте?

Back 28

50см\сек

Front 29

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Ср V потока в капилярах

Back 29

1-2см\сек

Front 30

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Ср V потока в правом сердце

Back 30

25см\сек

Front 31

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
major function of Low velocity in the capillaries is?

Back 31

exchange of dissolved
substances between the plasma and the tissues, i.e., nutritional flow.

Front 32

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Where is the largest blood volume in and second largest?

Back 32

The largest blood volume in the cardiovascular system is in the systemic veins. The second largest
blood volume is in the pulmonary system. Both represent major blood reservoirs.

Front 33

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
почему резервуаром крови являются вены и легочные соседы?

Back 33

The systemic veins and the pulmonary vessels have very high compliance compared to the
systemic arteries;

Front 34

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The PoiseuiJIe equation is?

Back 34

The PoiseuiJIeequation represents the relationship of flow, pressure, and resistance.

Front 35

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Poiseuille Equation

Back 35

Q=P1-P2\R
Q; flow
PI: upstream pressure for segment or circuit
p2: pressure at the end of the segment or circuit
R: resistance of vessels between PI and P2

Front 36

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
pressure gradient is?

Back 36

difference, the pressure gradient,
between the input (upstream) and output (downstream) pressure, not the input pressure
only

Front 37

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Что будет происходить с потокпри увеличении давления input and output?

Back 37

An increase of the input pressure that is accompanied by an identical increase of the
output pressure will not cause a change of flow; the pressure gradient between input and
output pressure remains the same. This means that an increase in the output (downstream)
pressure, for example by a stenosis, reduces the pressure gradient and, therefore, reduces the
flow

Front 38

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Как можно посчитать среднее арт давление,например в почках?)

Back 38

The flow to an organ such as the kidney, for example, could be calculated as mean arterial pressure
minus renal venous pressure divided by the resistance of all vesselsin the renal circuit.

Front 39

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Resistance calkulated by?

Back 39

Resistance = P1-P2\Q =mmHg\mL\min

Front 40

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The resistance of a vessel is determined by three major variables:

Back 40

The resistance of a vessel is determined by three major variables: V L r4

Front 41

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
radius is The most important factor determining resistance the of the vessel.

Back 41

-Resistance of a vessel is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius.
-If the radius is decreased by half, the resistance increases 16-fold.
-If the radius doubles, the resistance decreases to 1/16 of the original.

Front 42

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Viscosity is factor determining resistance the of the vessel.

Back 42

Viscosity is a property of a fluid that is a measure of the fluid's internal resistance to flow:
• The greater the viscosity, the greater the resistance.
• The prime determinant of blood viscosity is the hematocrit.

Front 43

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Viscosity is

Back 43

Viscosity is a property of a fluid that is a measure of the fluid's internal resistance to flow:

Front 44

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Чем выше гемотокрит -вязкость крови..

Back 44

увеличивается

Front 45

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
что роисходит с вязкостью крови при анемии и полицитемии?

Back 45

Anemia decreases viscosity. Polycythemia increases viscosity.

Front 46

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
length is factor determining resistance the of the vessel.

Back 46

The greater the length, the greater the resistance.
• If the length doubles, the resistance doubles.
• If the length decreases by half, the resistance decreases by half.

Front 47

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
what are two types of flow can be?

Back 47

There can be two types of flow in a system: laminar and turbulent.

Front 48

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Characteristics of laminar flow:

Back 48

Characteristics of laminar flow:
- is flow in layers.
• Laminar flow occurs throughout the normal cardiovascular system, excluding flow in
the heart.
-The layer with the highest velocity is in the center of the tube.

Front 49

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Characteristics of turbulent flow:

Back 49

Characteristics of turbulent flow:
-turbulent flow is nonlayered flow.
• It creates murmurs. These are heard as bruits in vessels with severe stenosis.
• It produces more resistance than laminar flow.

Front 50

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Relation of Reynold's number to laminar and turbulent flow

Back 50

>2,000 = turbulent flow
<2,000 = laminar flow
Reynold's number =(diameter) (velocity) (density)
/ VISCOSIty

Front 51

is the Reynold's number inducing turbulence absolute.?

Back 51

The number inducing turbulence is not absolute. For example, atherosclerosis reduces the
Reynold's number at which turbulence begins to develop in the systemic arteries. In addition,
thrombi are more likely to develop with turbulent flow than in a laminar flowsystem.

Front 52

promote the development of turbulent flow (i.e., increase Reynolds' number):

Back 52

• Increasing tube diameter
-Increasing velocity
• Decreasing blood viscosity, e.g., anemia
- Vesselbranching
• Narrow orifice (severe stenosis)--due to very high velocity of flow

Front 53

в каких сосудах по диаметру большая вероятность развития турбулентноого потока?

Back 53

The vessel in the systemic circuit that is closest to the development of turbulent flow is the
aorta. It is a large-diameter vessel with high velocity. This is where turbulence should appear
first in anemia.

Front 54

connecting resistors in series.
особенности?

Back 54

A major feature is that flow must be equal at all points in a series system. If the flow changes, it
changes equally at all points in a series system.

Front 55

The total resistance в системе последлвательного соединения резисторов равна?

Back 55

The total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances: R= R1+R2+R3...
total is always greater than any of the individual resistances.
• Adding a resistor in series increases the resistance of the system.
• Connecting resistors in series results in a high-resistance system.

Front 56

If Pin and Pout are kept constant, will occur if the central
resistance (R) increases:

Back 56

-Flow through the series system decreases equally at all points.
-Pressure immediately upstream from R2 increases toward the perfusing pressure of
120 mm Hg.
• Pressure immediately downstream from Rz decreases toward 0 mm Hg.

Front 57

If Pin and Pout are kept constant, the following will occur as the central
resistance (R2 ) decreases:

Back 57

• Flow through the series system increases equally at an points.
• Pressure immediately upstream from R2 decreases.
• Pressure immediately downstream from R2 increases.

Front 58

main factor determining capillary pressure is?

Back 58

is the resistance of the arterioles.

Front 59

что будет происходить при увеличении и уменьшении резистентности с капилярном давлением?

Back 59

Decreased arteriolar resistance (dilation) increases capillary pressure
Increased arteriolar resistance (constriction) decreases capillary pressure

Front 60

При увеличении венозного давления -капилярное давление ? и почему?

Back 60

Increased venous pressure raises capillary pressure. For example, left heart failure
raises left atrial pressure, which raises pulmonary venous pressure, which raises pulmonary
capillary pressure.

Front 61

При уменьшении венозного давления -капилярное давление ? и почему?

Back 61

Decreased venous preSSlUe lowers capillary preSSlUe. For example, digitalis, which
decreases left atrial presslUe in congestive heart failure, will reduce pulmonary capillary
preSSlUe and relieve congestion. Diuretics will have a similar, often more dramatic effect.

Front 62

Как резисторы большинстсва сисемных органов соединены. что к ним относится?

Back 62

most systemic organs are connected in parallel. For example, the
cerebral, cutaneous, coronary, and renal circuits are all in parallel.

Front 63

When resistors are connected in parallel, the total resistance is?

Back 63

When resistors are connected in parallel, the reciprocal of the total resistance is the sum of the
reciprocals of the individual resistances

Front 64

особенности при соединнении резисторов параллельно?

Back 64

Connecting resistors in parallel results in a low-resistance system.
• The total resistance is always less than any of the individual resistances.
• Adding a resistance in parallel lowers the resistance of the system.

Front 65

что будет происходить с давлением при добавлении одного параллельного резистора-например ожирение?

Back 65

The addition of parallel circuits (obesity) decreases total peripheral resistance and requires an
increase in cardiac output to maintain blood pressure

Front 66

что будет происходить с давоением при удалением одного параллельного резистора
например-удаление почки

Back 66

The removal of a parallel resistance in the systemic circuit increases total resistance and consequently
tends to increase blood pressure.

Front 67

Будет ли меняться поток крови в одном резисторе при постоянном давлении,если в другом паралелльном резисторе поток крови другой?

Back 67

if blood pressure is kept constant, altering the resistance and thus the flow in one parallel
circuit will not change the flow in the remaining parallel circuits.

Front 68

в двух паралелльных резисторах при одном давлении разный уровень потока крови .500 и 300ml\min с чем это связано?

Back 68

The difference in flow is due to different resistance. Organ 2 has higher resistance

Front 69

the greatest to least resistance:

Back 69

- Coronary
- Cerebral
- Renal
- Pulmonary

Front 70

laPlace relationship:?

Back 70

laPlace relationship:
T ~ Pr T = wall tension
p .... pressue
r = radius

Front 71

какой сосуд имеет наибольшее стеночное напряжение? с чем это связано?

Back 71

The aorta is the artery with the greatest wall tension (greatest preSSlUe and radius).

Front 72

что происходит со стенкой соседа при аневризме?

Back 72

because the anelUysm has a greater radius, its wall tension will be greater than that of the
surrounding normal vessel segments.
Also, as the aneurysm enlarges, wall tension increases, and the vessel is more likely to burst.

Front 73

что такое расслаивающаяся аневризма?

Back 73

Another type of aneurysm is referred to as a dissecting aneurysm. In systemic arterial disease,the
high velocity in the aorta may damage the endothelia] ]ining, allowing blood to flowbetween and
dissect the layers of the aorta. This weakens the aortic wall and is considered a life-threatening
condition.

Front 74

как посчитать Compliance of a vessel
и для чего нам нужно это знать?

Back 74

Vessel Compliance
C= dV \ dP
Compliance of a vessel can be calculated, but the resulting number is, for an practical purposes,
meaningless. It is much more important to simply have a good concept of compliance and understand
the differences in compliance among the vesselsthat make up the cardiovascular system.

Front 75

что значит податливость сосуда?

Back 75

Compliance is essentially how easily a vessel is stretched. If a vessel is easily stretched, it is considered
very compliant. The opposite is noncompliant or stiff.

Front 76

Elasticity is

Back 76

Elasticity is the inverse of compliance. A vessel that has high elasticity (a large tendency to
rebound from a stretch) has low compliance.

Front 77

CHARACTERISTICS OF SYSTEMIC VEINS are

Back 77

-Systemic veins are about 20 times more compliant than systemic arteries.
-Veinsalso contain about 70% of the systemic blood volume and thus represent the major blood
reservoir,
-

Front 78

что происходит с давлением при кровотечениях? как компенсуется?

Back 78

In the venous system, then, a small change in pressure causes a large change in venous volume. For
example, in a hemorrhage, venous pressure decreases.Because veinsare very compliant vessels, this
loss of distending pressure causes a significant passive constriction of the veins and a decrease in
blood stored in those veins.
• The blood removed from the veins will now contribute to the circulating blood volume
(cardiac output), a compensation for the consequences of hemorrhage.
The sympathetic nerves innervating the veins will cause an active constriction and a
further reduction in stored blood volume.

Front 79

что происходит при водной нагрузке?

Back 79

Volume loading (infusion of fluid) increases venous pressure. The increased pressure distends
the veins; this is a passive dilation. The volume of fluid stored in the veins increases, which
means that some of the infused volume will not contribute to cardiac outp lit. The large volume
and compliant nature of the veins act to buffer changes in venous return and cardiac output.

Front 80

Arteries и Veins давление и податливость сосудов,

Back 80

Arteries are high pressure vessels but are very stiff and do not represent a significant
blood reservoir.
Veins are low pressure vessels but because they are very compliant, they are easily
stretched and represent a large blood reservoir.

Front 81

Pulse pressure =

Back 81

Pulse pressure = systolic-diastolic, or in the figure above: Pulse pressure = 120- 80 = 40 mm Hg

Front 82

Factors Affecting Systolic Pressure

Back 82

• Systolicblood pressure is the highest pressure in the systemic arteries during the cardiac cycle.
• The main factor determining systolic blood pressure is stroke volume.
• An increase in stroke volume increases systolic blood pressure and a decrease in stroke
volume decreases systolic blood pressure. For example, a decrease in heart rate or an
increase in preload would increase systolic blood pressure.
• A decrease in the compliance of the systemic arteries will also increase systolic blood
pressure.

Front 83

Factors Affecting Diastolic Pressure

Back 83

• Diastolic blood pressure is the lowest pressure in the systemic arteries during the cardiac cycle.
• The main factor determining diastolic blood pressure is total peripheral resistance,
which is determined by the resistance of the arterioles.
• Dilation of the arterioles decreases diastolic blood pressure, and constriction of the
arterioles increases diastolic blood pressure.
• A decrease in heart rate or stroke volume will also decrease diastolic blood pressure.

Front 84

Factors Affecting Pulse Pressure

Back 84

The following will increase (widen) pulse pressure:
• An increase in stroke volume (systolic increases more than diastolic)
• A decrease in vessel compliance (systolic increases and diastolic decreases)

Front 85

как влияет податливость сосудов на уровень пульсого давления?

Back 85

compliant artery has a small pulse pressure and that a stiff artery
has a large pulse pressure

Front 86

Factors Affecting Mean Pressure

Back 86

Mean pressure is pressure averaged over time. It is closer to diastolic pressure than to systolic
pressure. Therefore, diastolic pressure is a better index of mean pressure than is systolic.

Front 87

Mean pressure can be approximated by the following formulas:

Back 87

Mean pressure = diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure
= 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure

Front 88

Factors that affect mean pressure (the application of the Poiseuille equation to the systemic
circuit):

Back 88

Q = cardiac output
PI = aortic pressure (mean arterial pressure)
P2 = pressure at the entrance of the right atrium
R = resistance of all vessels in the systemic circuit. This is referred to as total peripheral
resistance (TPR).

Front 89

Because Pj is a very large number (100 mm Hg) and P2 is a very small number that doesn't
change dramatically in most situations, we can simplify the equation if we approximate P2 as
zero. Then:formulas Mean pressure can be

Back 89

MAP
CO = TPR

or
MAP =CO x TPR

MAP = mean arterial pressure
CO = cardiac output
TPR = total peripheral resistance

Front 90

Основные особоенности Mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Back 90

-Mean arterial pressure (MAP), which is maintained close to 100 mm Hg, is determined
by only two variables: cardiac output and TPR.
- CO can be considered circulating volume. The blood stored in the systemic veins and
the pulmonary circuit would not be included in this volume.
- TPR is the resistance of all vessels in the systemic circuit. By far the largest component
is the resistance in the arterioles.
- However, if venous or right atrial pressure (RAP) is severely increased, it must be
taken into account when estimating TPR. In this case, the formula is:
(MAP - RAP) = CO x TPR
or rearranged to solve for resistance: TPR = (MAP - RAP)/CO

Front 91

Hemorrhage

Back 91

The problem is the loss of CO or circulating blood volume. The increase in TPR via the carotid
sinus reflex minimizes the loss of blood pressure. Because the reflex increase in TPR almost
completely compensates in early hemorrhage, blood pressure is not a good index of blood loss
fOllowing a hemorrhage.

Front 92

Exercise

Back 92

Dynamic, aerobic exercise produces minimal changes in blood pressure (actuallya slight increase).
-The decrease in TPR, (dilation of arterioles in the exercisingmuscle) --increase in CO with little change in MAP. For example, increase
in CO would be the response if TPR decreased to a third of the resting level.With high-intensity
cxercise---especially static, such as weight lifting-physical compression of blood vessels during
skeletalmuscle contraction raisesTPR During the contraction, mean arterial pressure can increase
greatly.

Front 93

Pulmonary resistance? что происзодит с Правым сердцем при увелечении pulmonary resistance?

Back 93

Pulmonary resistance =Mean pulmonary arterial pressure - Pulmonary wedge pressure /Cardiac output

If pulmonary resistance is elevated,
the right heart transplant would be exposed to an increase in afterload and may fail

Front 94

что происходит с системным арт и внозным давлением ниже уровня сердца?,

Back 94

Belowheart level, there are equal increases in systemic arterial and venous pressures (assuming
no muscular action)Thus, the pressure difference between arteries and veins does not change.

Front 95

When a person goes from supine to an upright posture, the following important changes take
place : Compensation via the carotid sinus reflex will include;

Back 95

-Pressure in the dependent veins increases.
-Blood volume in the dependent veins increases.
• Circulating blood volume (CO) decreases.
Blood pressure decreases.
Compensation via the carotid sinus reflex will include;
TPR increases.
Heart rate increases.

Front 96

Above heart level, systemic arterial pressure?

Back 96

Above heart level, systemic arterial pressure progressively decreases
Because venous pressure at heart level is close to zero, venous pressure quickly becomes subatmospheric
(negative).

Front 97

характеристика вен глубоких и поверхностных выше уровня сердца

Back 97

Surface veins above the heart cannot maintain a significant pressure below atmospheric; how~
r, deep veins and those inside the cranium supported by the tissue can maintain a pressure
that is significantly below atmospheric.

Front 98

long-term regulation of blood pressure

Back 98

arnin-angiotensin-aldosterone system:

Front 99

short-term regulation of blood pressure

Back 99

Baroreceptor reflex:

Front 100

A lowered blood pressure (.MAP) leads to

Back 100

a rise inCO and TPR.

Front 101

A rise in blood pressure leads to a

Back 101

decrease in CO and TPR.

Front 102

Tbe main receptors of the system are located in

Back 102

the carotid sinus.

Here the receptors monitor
6e stretch of the vessel wall as an index of arterial blood pressure

Front 103

as an index of blood pressure the medulla interprets only

Back 103

The medulla interprets only the afferent activity as an index
of blood pressure. A rise in afferent activity signals an increase in blood pressure, and a loss of
afferent activity signals a decrease in blood pressure.

Front 104

the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems как влият?

Back 104

The output is via the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems to change both CO and TPR in
a direction to return blood pressure toward the indexed set point.

Front 105

BP increase

Back 105

Afferent Parasymp Sympat
Activity Activity Activity
ув ув ум

Front 106

BP decrease

Back 106

Afferent Parasymp Sympat
Activity Activity Activity

ум ум ув

Front 107

Carotid
occlusion

Back 107

Afferent Parasymp Sympat
Activity Activity Activity BP HR

ум ум ув ув ув

Front 108

Carotid
massage

Back 108

Afferent Parasymp Sympat BP HR
Activity Activity Activity

ув ув ум ум ум

Front 109

Cut afferents

Back 109

Afferent Parasymp Sympat BP HR
Activity Activity Activity

ум ум ув ув ув

Front 110

Lying to stand

Orthostatic hypotension

Fluid loss

Back 110

Afferent Parasymp Sympat BP HR
Activity Activity Activity

ум ум ув ув N ув

Front 111

Volume load


Weightlessness

Back 111

Afferent Parasymp Sympat BP HR
Activity Activity

Ув ув ум умN ум